sum

Forms

sum^[1]

• Also sun and su, which Wiktionary gives as alternative forms;^[1] Dalametra records sum and sun,^[2] and Papahagi refers sun to this preposition.^[3]
• Other spellings: SUM in Papahagi's dictionary;^[4] súm in Mihăileanu's dictionary.^[5]
• Pascu lists suptu and suntu from Nikolaidis, su from Nikolaidis, Dalametra and Papahagi's tales, and sub from Boiagi's grammar.^[6]

Etymology

It is inherited from Latin subtus (“underneath, below”),^[6][1] an adverb that Latin also used as a preposition.^[6][7] The Latin word was formed from sub (“under”), with its ending on the model of intus (“inside”).^[7][8] De Vaan traces sub to Proto-Italic *supo and Proto-Indo-European *(h₁)upo (“up, from below”).^[9]

The word is shared by the four Eastern Romance languages: Romanian sub (also supt), Megleno-Romanian sup and Istro-Romanian su.^[10] Ciorănescu derives the Romanian word from the same Latin subtus, which also gave Italian sotto, French sous and Portuguese sob.^[10][11]

Earliest recorded meaning

The oldest dated record is the form sub, which Pascu cites from Boiagi's grammar,^[6] printed in Vienna in 1813.^[12] The dictionaries give the sense "under".^[13][5]

Semantic evolution

The Latin adverb meant "underneath, below".^[7] Aromanian uses the word only as a preposition, for something placed under another thing or lower than it.^[13][4] Papahagi quotes pri sum merí, pri sum peri "under the apple trees, under the pear trees",^[4] and Mihăileanu nă disvursimu sum núcu "we rested under the walnut tree".^[5]

Timeline

• 1813 – sub in Boiagi's grammar, as cited by Pascu.^[6][12]
• 1901 – súm “under” in Mihăileanu's dictionary.^[5]
• 1906 – sum and sun in Dalametra's dictionary.^[2]
• 1925 – Pascu derives it from Latin subtus.^[6]

Meanings

Preposition

1. under, beneath: in a position below something that lies over it.^[13][4][1]
2. Lower down than something.^[13]

Related words

• Romanian sub

Usage notes

Papahagi has a second sum "saint", used before saints' names (Sum-Vasílïi "Saint Basil"), which he derives from Latin sanctus;^[4] Capidan explains Sumedru "Saint Demetrius" the same way.^[14]

References

1. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b Dalametra, I. (1906), Dicționar macedo-român, București: Academia Română, p. 199
3. ^ Papahagi, Tache (1974), Dicționarul dialectului aromân, general și etimologic, 2nd augmented ed., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, p. 1135
4. ^ a b c d e Papahagi, Tache (1974), Dicționarul dialectului aromân, general și etimologic, 2nd augmented ed., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, p. 1133
5. ^ a b c d Mihăileanu, Ștefan (1901), Dicționar macedo-român, București, p. 486
6. ^ a b c d e f Pascu, Giorge (1925), Dictionnaire étymologique macédoroumain, 2 vols. (I: Les éléments latins et romans; II: Les éléments grecs, turcs, slaves, albanais, germaniques, magyars, néologismes, créations immédiates, obscurs), Iași: Cultura Națională, p. 1, 163
7. ^ a b c Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
8. ^ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
9. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
10. ^ a b Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001)
11. ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter
12. ^ a b Caragiu Marioțeanu, Matilda et al. (1997), Dicționar aromân (macedo-vlah) DIARO, A–D, București, p. 54
13. ^ a b c d Cunia, Tiberius (2008), Dictsiunar a limbãljei armãneascã, Editsii Timpurarã (after T. Papahagi, Ș. Mihăileanu and I. Dalametra; online at dixionline.net)
14. ^ Capidan, Theodor (1932), Aromânii: dialectul aromân. Studiu lingvistic, București: Academia Română (Academia Română, Studii și cercetări XX), p. 222