gurã

Forms

gurã f (plural guri or gure, definite articulation gura)^[1]

• Plural guri or gure.^[2][1] Papahagi gives GÚRĂ, plural gúre and gurĭ.^[3]
• Other spellings: gură in Dalametra's Romanian-based spelling;^[4] gúră in Mihăileanu;^[5] γκούρα (gură, plural gúri) in Nikolaidis's Greek script;^[6] Γκούρα in Kavalliotis's word list, which Meyer reads gurä.^[7]
• Regional forms: g’urā, plural gur’, in Turia;^[8] gúră, plural gúre, in Metsovo.^[9]

Etymology

It is inherited from Latin gula (“gullet, throat”),^{[3][10][1][6]} which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *gulā; he rejects the traditional derivation from Proto-Indo-European *gʷl-h₂- on phonetic grounds and thinks the root may be imitative.^[11]

The word is common to the four Eastern Romance languages, Romanian gură, Megleno-Romanian gură and Istro-Romanian gure, all with the sense mouth.^[12][13] Candrea and Densusianu note that this sense is shared by Albanian and by some dialects of French and Occitan;^[13] the western descendants include Italian gola, French gueule and Spanish gola.^[14]

Earliest recorded meaning

The first record is in Kavalliotis's word list of 1770, where Γκούρα stands for the mouth.^[7]

Semantic evolution

From the Latin throat, the word came to mean the mouth of people and animals, then the voice and what one says: Dalametra records gură dulți (“sweet mouth”, affable) and di gură-gură (“from mouth to mouth”).^[4] It also counts persons, as in Mihăileanu's suntu şapte gúri (“there are seven mouths”, seven people), and names openings, such as gură di cămeaşă, the neck of a shirt.^[5] Papahagi's further senses include life, a pretext, a relationship, to slander, to be hungry and to graze.^[3] In Metsovo it also means a way of speaking, food and a language.^[9]

Timeline

• 1770 – Γκούρα “mouth” in Kavalliotis's word list.^[7]
• 1901 – gúră “mouth; person; opening” in Mihăileanu's dictionary.^[5]
• 1906 – gură “mouth, speech” in Dalametra's dictionary.^[4]
• 1909 – γκούρα in Nikolaidis's dictionary.^[6]

Meanings

Noun

1. The mouth.^[2][3][1]
2. The mouth of an animal.^[2][3]
3. (figurative) voice; speech, words.^[2][3][4]
4. (figurative) A person, a member of a family.^[3][5]
5. An opening, such as the mouth of a bag or the neck of a shirt.^[2][5][9]
6. (Metsovo) A way of speaking; food; a language.^[9]

Related words

• Romanian gură

References

1. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e Cunia, Tiberius (2008), Dictsiunar a limbãljei armãneascã, Editsii Timpurarã (after T. Papahagi, Ș. Mihăileanu and I. Dalametra; online at dixionline.net), p. 521
3. ^ a b c d e f g Papahagi, Tache (1974), Dicționarul dialectului aromân, general și etimologic, 2nd augmented ed., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, p. 603
4. ^ a b c d Dalametra, I. (1906), Dicționar macedo-român, București: Academia Română, p. 103
5. ^ a b c d e Mihăileanu, Ștefan (1901), Dicționar macedo-român, București, p. 225
6. ^ a b c Νικολαΐδης, Κωνσταντίνος (1909), Ετυμολογικόν λεξικόν της κουτσοβλαχικής γλώσσης, Αθήνα, p. 145
7. ^ a b c Meyer, Gustav (1895), Albanesische Studien IV: Das griechisch-südrumänisch-albanesische Wörterverzeichnis des Kavalliotis, Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, phil.-hist. Classe 132, p. 110
8. ^ Бара, Мариана; Каль, Теде; Соболев, Андрей Н. (2005), Южноарумынский говор села Турия (Малый диалектологический атлас балканских языков, серия монографий 1), p. 335
9. ^ a b c d Δασούλας, Φώτης (2013), Το βλαχικό ιδίωμα του Μετσόβου, 2nd ed.
10. ^ Pascu, Giorge (1925), Dictionnaire étymologique macédoroumain, 2 vols. (I: Les éléments latins et romans; II: Les éléments grecs, turcs, slaves, albanais, germaniques, magyars, néologismes, créations immédiates, obscurs), Iași: Cultura Națională, p. 1, 96
11. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
12. ^ Pușcariu, Sextil (1905), Etymologisches Wörterbuch der rumänischen Sprache I: Lateinisches Element, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. 64
13. ^ a b Candrea, I.-A.; Densusianu, Ov. (1907–1914), Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române: elementele latine (A–Putea), București
14. ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter