ghini

Forms

ghini^[1]

• Other spellings: ghine and gheni in Wiktionary and Cunia;^[1][2] ghíne in Mihăileanu;^[3] gine in Weigand;^[4] G'ine (the noun) in Papahagi's tales;^[5] gine in Daniil's Tetraglosson.^[6]
• Regional forms: ǵini in the Ohrid–Struga area.^[7]

Etymology

It is inherited from Latin bene (“well”).^[8][9][1]

The word is common to Eastern Romance: Romanian bine, Megleno-Romanian bini and Istro-Romanian bire.^[10][11] Its western cognates include Italian bene, French bien, Spanish bien and Portuguese bem.^[12]

Latin bene is the adverb of bonus (“good”);^[13] de Vaan traces it to an old ablative *duenēd of Proto-Italic *dweno- (“good”).^[14]

Earliest recorded meaning

The first record is in Daniil of Moscopole's Tetraglosson, where éste gine translates Greek "it is well".^[6]

Semantic evolution

The adverb means "well", in health and in manner.^[15][8] Used as a noun it means "the good, welfare, fortune".^[8][5] Papahagi quotes a proverb saying that nobody runs away from good fortune.^[8] The greeting ghini vinjish "welcome" and the reply ghini ti-aflai are recorded by Cunia and DIARO.^[15][16]

Timeline

• 1794-1802 – gine “well” in Daniil's Tetraglosson.^[6]
• 1813 – ghine in Boiagi's grammar, as cited by Pascu.^[9]
• 1894 – gine in Weigand's glossary.^[4]
• 1901 – ghíne in Mihăileanu's dictionary.^[3]

Meanings

Adverb

1. Well.^[1][15][8]
2. In good health.^[15][16]

Noun

1. The good; welfare, fortune.^[8][5]

Related words

• bun
• Romanian bine

References

1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ Cunia, Tiberius (2008), Dictsiunar a limbãljei armãneascã, Editsii Timpurarã (after T. Papahagi, Ș. Mihăileanu and I. Dalametra; online at dixionline.net), p. 493
3. ^ a b Mihăileanu, Ștefan (1901), Dicționar macedo-român, București, p. 212
4. ^ a b Weigand, Gustav (1894), Die Aromunen: ethnographisch-philologisch-historische Untersuchungen, vol. II: Volksliteratur der Aromunen (with a glossary), Leipzig: J. A. Barth, p. 306
5. ^ a b c Papahagi, Pericle (1905), Basme aromâne și glosar, București: Academia Română, p. 607
6. ^ a b c Leake, William Martin (1814), Researches in Greece, London (prints Daniil of Moscopole's Tetraglosson), p. 387
7. ^ Марковиќ, Марјан (2007), Ароманскиот и македонскиот говор од охридско-струшкиот регион (во балкански контекст), Скопје, p. 31
8. ^ a b c d e f Papahagi, Tache (1963), Dicționarul dialectului aromân, general și etimologic, București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 514
9. ^ a b Pascu, Giorge (1925), Dictionnaire étymologique macédoroumain, 2 vols. (I: Les éléments latins et romans; II: Les éléments grecs, turcs, slaves, albanais, germaniques, magyars, néologismes, créations immédiates, obscurs), Iași: Cultura Națională, p. 1, 54
10. ^ Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001)
11. ^ Pușcariu, Sextil (1905), Etymologisches Wörterbuch der rumänischen Sprache I: Lateinisches Element, Heidelberg: Carl Winter
12. ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter
13. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
14. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
15. ^ a b c d Cunia, Tiberius (2008), Dictsiunar a limbãljei armãneascã, Editsii Timpurarã (after T. Papahagi, Ș. Mihăileanu and I. Dalametra; online at dixionline.net)
16. ^ a b Caragiu Marioțeanu, Matilda et al. (1997), Dicționar aromân (macedo-vlah) DIARO, A–D, București, p. 129