frãndzã

Forms

frãndzã f (plural frãndzã, definite singular frãndza, definite plural frãndzãli)^[1]

• Plural frãndzã, definite singular frãndza, definite plural frãndzãli.^[1] Cunia has two headwords, for the leaf and for the sheet of paper.^[2][3]
• Other spellings: frundzã, frãnzã and frunzã in Wiktionary;^[1] FRÍ'NDZĂ, plural frí'ndză, and FRÚNDZĂ in Papahagi's dictionary;^[4][5] frîndză, plural -dzi, in Dalametra's^[6] and frândza and frundză in Mihăileanu's Romanian-based spelling;^[7][8] φρᾶντζά in Nikolaidis's Greek script, transcribed frandză, plural frandzi.^[9] Pascu records frindza, plural frîndze, and frunză.^[10]
• Capidan explains frîndză beside frundză by a change of u to î (ă) before the nasal.^[11]

Etymology

It is inherited from Late Latin frondia (“foliage”),^{[5][10][1][12][13]} a collective noun made from the neuter plural of Latin frondeus (“leafy”),^[1][14] itself from frōns (“foliage, leaves”).^[10][14] Pușcariu sees in frondia a remodelling of frōns after folia (“leaves”),^[12] and Wiktionary likewise thinks folia, which in Late Latin often meant "foliage", served as the model;^[1] frondia is recorded in the Old Latin Bible and in a late gloss.^[1] De Vaan finds no sure etymology for frōns: it may share a Mediterranean substratum word with Ancient Greek θρόνα (thróna, “flowers, herbs”), or it may belong to Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to carry”).^[15]

The word is common to the four Eastern Romance languages: Romanian frunză, Megleno-Romanian frunză and Istro-Romanian frunzę.^[16][17][12] Further west frondia survives in Italian fronza and Sardinian frundza, and it was borrowed into Greek as Modern Greek φρουνζάτον (frounzáton, “arbour”).^[13][16]

Earliest recorded meaning

The oldest dictionaries record both senses side by side: Mihăileanu in 1901 has frândza for a sheet of a book or a breadth of cloth and frundză for the leaf of a tree,^[7][8] and Dalametra in 1906 glosses frîndză as a leaf and a sheet of a book.^[6]

Semantic evolution

From the leaf of a tree the word came to mean a sheet of paper or the page of a book, and then a newspaper: Papahagi's example is of an Aromanian paper published in Salonica.^[4][18] The paper sense is shared with Megleno-Romanian and older Romanian.^[17][16] A breadth of woven cloth is also a frândză: Mihăileanu has chilium di trei frândză "a rug of three breadths sewn together".^[7] Papahagi's set phrases include u turnă frí'ndza "he turned the leaf", that is, changed his mind;^[4][6] talji frãndzã a cãnjlor "he cuts leaves for the dogs", that is, idles;^[4][18] and dit frí'ndzile di inimă "from the leaves of the heart", from the bottom of the heart, which he compares with Greek τὰ φύλλα τῆς καρδιᾶς.^[4]

Timeline

• 1901 – frândza “sheet, leaf” and frundză “leaf” in Mihăileanu's dictionary.^[7][8]
• 1906 – frîndză “leaf; sheet” in Dalametra's dictionary.^[6]
• 1909 – frandză “leaf” in Nikolaidis's dictionary.^[9]

Meanings

Noun

1. A leaf of a tree or plant.^[4][18][1]
2. A sheet of paper; a page or leaf of a book.^[4][18][1]
3. A newspaper.^[4][18]
4. A breadth of woven cloth, sewn to others to make a rug or a skirt.^[7][4]

Related words

• Romanian frunză

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ Cunia, Tiberius (2008), Dictsiunar a limbãljei armãneascã, Editsii Timpurarã (after T. Papahagi, Ș. Mihăileanu and I. Dalametra; online at dixionline.net), p. 462
3. ^ Cunia, Tiberius (2008), Dictsiunar a limbãljei armãneascã, Editsii Timpurarã (after T. Papahagi, Ș. Mihăileanu and I. Dalametra; online at dixionline.net), p. 463
4. ^ a b c d e f g h i Papahagi, Tache (1974), Dicționarul dialectului aromân, general și etimologic, 2nd augmented ed., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, p. 564
5. ^ a b Papahagi, Tache (1974), Dicționarul dialectului aromân, general și etimologic, 2nd augmented ed., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, p. 566
6. ^ a b c d Dalametra, I. (1906), Dicționar macedo-român, București: Academia Română, p. 93
7. ^ a b c d e Mihăileanu, Ștefan (1901), Dicționar macedo-român, București, p. 195
8. ^ a b c Mihăileanu, Ștefan (1901), Dicționar macedo-român, București, p. 199
9. ^ a b Νικολαΐδης, Κωνσταντίνος (1909), Ετυμολογικόν λεξικόν της κουτσοβλαχικής γλώσσης, Αθήνα, p. 578
10. ^ a b c Pascu, Giorge (1925), Dictionnaire étymologique macédoroumain, 2 vols. (I: Les éléments latins et romans; II: Les éléments grecs, turcs, slaves, albanais, germaniques, magyars, néologismes, créations immédiates, obscurs), Iași: Cultura Națională, p. 1, 88
11. ^ Capidan, Theodor (1932), Aromânii: dialectul aromân. Studiu lingvistic, București: Academia Română (Academia Română, Studii și cercetări XX), p. 274
12. ^ a b c Pușcariu, Sextil (1905), Etymologisches Wörterbuch der rumänischen Sprache I: Lateinisches Element, Heidelberg: Carl Winter
13. ^ a b Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter
14. ^ a b Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
15. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
16. ^ a b c Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001)
17. ^ a b Saramandu, Nicolae (coord.) et al. (2010–), Dicționarul dialectului meglenoromân, general și etimologic, fascicles in Fonetică și dialectologie XXIX–
18. ^ a b c d e Cunia, Tiberius (2008), Dictsiunar a limbãljei armãneascã, Editsii Timpurarã (after T. Papahagi, Ș. Mihăileanu and I. Dalametra; online at dixionline.net)