trup

Forms

trup n (plural trupuri)^[1] Old texts have the plural trupure: Coresi's Evanghelie cu învățătură has „Au luminat sufletele și trupurele noastre” “he has enlightened our souls and bodies”.^[2] MDA2 also records the old plural trupore and a regional plural trupe.^[3] In the Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet the word was written труп.^[1]

Etymology

It is borrowed from Old Church Slavonic троупъ (trupŭ, “corpse”), from Proto-Slavic *trupъ.^{[4][3][5][2][1]} Ciorănescu follows Miklosich and Cihac and compares Bulgarian труп (trup), Serbo-Croatian trup and Polish trup (“corpse”).^[4] In Old Church Slavonic the word meant a dead body and rendered Ancient Greek πτῶμα (ptôma)^[6] and Derksen gives the Proto-Slavic meaning “trunk, corpse”.^[7] Vasmer relates the Slavic word to Lithuanian trupùs (“brittle”), though Machek rejected the comparison.^[8][1]

The word survives south of the Danube: Aromanian trup and Megleno-Romanian trup.^[4][9] Capidan takes the Megleno-Romanian word from the Bulgarian one.^[10]

Earliest recorded meaning

The first records are in the Psaltirea Hurmuzaki of the early 16th century, where trupurile renders the Slavonic for the dead bodies of God's servants (Psalm 78:2).^[11][6] MDA2 dates the word to the Codicele Voronețean (c. 1563–1583), which has „Cumu iaste trupulu fără sufletu mortu, așa și credința fără lucru moartă iaste” “as the body without the spirit is dead, so faith without works is dead”.^[3][2]

Semantic evolution

In Romanian the word means above all the living body, often opposed to suflet “soul”: Coresi's Tetraevanghel has „Luați și mâncați, acesta iaste trupul mieu” “take, eat, this is my body”.^[12] The sense “corpse” stayed too: Radu Popescu's chronicle tells of bodies lying like logs.^[12][5] The literary language came to prefer corp, especially in science, which left trup a popular or literary word.^[12][3]

Transferred senses are the main part of a building or object, a large tract of land forming one lot (trup de moșie), and in the old language a large army unit: Dionisie's text tells of an army divided into “three great bodies”.^[5][12][3] Regional senses include a wide white skirt in Muntenia^[13] and “stem” in Moldova.^[14] The phrase trup și suflet “body and soul”, wholly, is recorded by Damé and Scriban.^[15][16]

Timeline

• c. 1500–1520 – trup, trupul and trupurile in the Psaltirea Hurmuzaki.^[17][11]
• early 16th century – „pănă când-l luară din trupu” “until they took him out of the body”.^[2]
• c. 1563–1583 – trupulu in the Codicele Voronețean, MDA2's first record.^[3][2]
• 16th century – trup in the Psaltirea Scheiană.^[12]
• 1649 – glosses Slavonic words in Mardarie's lexicon.^[18]
• 1688 – nearly 600 occurrences in the Bucharest Bible.^[19]
• 1825 – trupu “corpus, Leib” in the Lexicon de la Buda.^[20]

Meanings

Noun

1. (popular) The body of a living being: Avea un trup slab, dar puternic.^[5][3]
2. The body without head and limbs, the trunchi or torso.^[5]
3. A dead body, corpse.^[5][1]
4. The main part of an object or a building, or the object itself.^[5]
5. (dated) A large stretch of land forming a single lot: trup de moșie.^[5]
6. (dated) A large military unit, an army corps.^[5][12]

Word family

• trupesc
• trupește
• trupeș
• trupeșie
• trupos
• întrupa
• întrupare

Related words

• corp
• Aromanian trup

Usage notes

Cu trup și suflet means “wholly, without reserve”, and a fi trup și suflet cu cineva “to be wholly devoted to someone”.^[5][3] Trup din trupul cuiva means born of someone, or an integral part of something.^[5]

References

1. ^ a b c d e f Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e Academia Română (1965–2010), Dicționarul limbii române (DLR), serie nouă, tom I–XIX, București: Editura Academiei Române, p. s.v. trup
3. ^ a b c d e f g h Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 2, 1291
4. ^ a b c Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001), p. s.v. trup
5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 1151
6. ^ a b Kurz, Josef; Hauptová, Zoe (eds.) (1958–1997), Slovník jazyka staroslověnského / Lexicon linguae palaeoslovenicae, 4 vols. + supplements, Praha: Academia; digital ed. gorazd.org
7. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008), Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 4, Leiden / Boston: Brill
8. ^ Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), Ètimologičeskij slovar' russkogo jazyka, transl. and suppl. by O. N. Trubačev, 4 vols., Moskva: Progress
9. ^ Papahagi, Tache (1963), Dicționarul dialectului aromân, general și etimologic, București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 1051
10. ^ Capidan, Theodor (1935), Meglenoromânii III: Dicționar meglenoromân, București: Academia Română, p. 302
11. ^ a b Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Ungureanu, Mădălina; Moruz, Alexandru et al., roPsalt: Re-evaluating the Sixteenth Century Romanian Psalters (aligned corpus), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro, p. Ps 78:2
12. ^ a b c d e f Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. trup
13. ^ Marin, Maria; Mărgărit, Iulia, Glosar dialectal. Muntenia, București: Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti”
14. ^ Stati, Vasile (2003), Dicționar moldovenesc-românesc, Chișinău
15. ^ Scriban, August (1939), Dicționaru limbii românești (etimologii, înțelesuri, exemple, citațiuni, arhaizme, neologizme, provincializme), Iași: Presa Bună, p. 1352
16. ^ Damé, Frédéric (1893–1895), Nouveau dictionnaire roumain-français, 4 vols., Bucarest: Imprimerie de l'État, p. s.v. trup
17. ^ Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Ungureanu, Mădălina; Moruz, Alexandru et al., roPsalt: Re-evaluating the Sixteenth Century Romanian Psalters (aligned corpus), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro, p. Ps 88:46
18. ^ Ungureanu, Mădălina; Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Moruz, Alexandru (eds.), eRomLex: The First Romanian Bilingual Dictionaries (17th century), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro, p. s.v. trup
19. ^ Biblia, adecă Dumnezeiasca Scriptură a ceii vechi și a ceii noao leage, București, 1688 (ed. 1988, tricentennial edition), p. Gn 2:21
20. ^ Lesicon românescu-latinescu-ungurescu-nemțescu quare de mai mulți autori, în cursul a trideci și mai multor ani s-au lucrat (1825), Buda: Typographia Universității (the Lexicon of Buda, ed. Petru Maior et al.), p. 725