răsări

Forms

răsări (third-person singular present răsare, past participle răsărit, third-person subjunctive răsară) 4th conjugation^[1]

Etymology

It is inherited from Vulgar Latin *resaliō, from Latin re- (“again, back”) and saliō (“to jump”).^{[2][3][4][5][1]} Ciorănescu cites Pușcariu, the REW and Densusianu for this etymology.^[2][6] Pascu equates the form with Latin resiliō (“to leap back, rebound”).^[7] Within Romanian the verb can also be analysed as răs- plus sări.^[1]

It survives south of the Danube: Aromanian arsar and Megleno-Romanian răsar.^[2][8][9] Its Romance cognates are Italian risalire, Spanish resalir and Portuguese resair.^[2]

Earliest recorded meaning

The first record is in the Psaltirea Hurmuzaki of the early 16th century, of plants springing up: răsare pre munți “springs up on the mountains”.^[4][5] The same psalter has răsăriră at Psalm 91:7.^[10] The Codicele Voronețean uses it transitively, of the earth making its fruit grow: „pământul răsări rodul său” “the earth brought forth its fruit” (James 5:18).^[11]

Semantic evolution

The old texts use it for plants coming up and for the earth bringing them forth, translating Ancient Greek βλαστάνω (blastánō, “to sprout”) and ἀνατέλλω (anatéllō, “to rise”).^[11] It also applied to the sun and the stars rising, and the participle răsărit became the noun for sunrise and for the east.^[11][2][12] Further senses are hair or horns growing, children growing up, and anything appearing suddenly or standing out above its surroundings; in old use it also meant to jump up or start.^[3][2]

The joking phrase seamănă, dar nu răsare “it looks alike but it does not come up” plays on semăna “to resemble” and “to sow”, and gave the familiar sense “to look like”.^[2][3]

Timeline

• c. 1500-1520 – răsare and răsăriră in the Psaltirea Hurmuzaki.^[4][10]
• c. 1563-1583 – the transitive răsări “to make grow” in the Codicele Voronețean.^[11]
• 1570 – răsărit in Coresi's psalter.^[13]
• 1660 – răsărit glosses Slavonic “east” in a Slavonic–Romanian lexicon.^[12]
• 1688 – răsărit more than a hundred times in the Bucharest Bible.^[14]

Meanings

Verb

1. Of the sun, moon or stars: to rise, to appear above the horizon.^[3][1]
2. Of plants: to sprout, to come up out of the ground;^[3][4] a răsări ca ciupercile “to spring up like mushrooms”.^[3][4]
3. To appear suddenly or from a distance;^[3][1] a-i răsări cuiva ceva în minte “to come suddenly to mind”.^[3][1]
4. To stand out above what is around.^[3]
5. Of children: to grow up;^[3] (regional) of dough, to rise.^[3]
6. (dated) To jump up suddenly, to start; figuratively, to break into a conversation.^[3]

Word family

• răsărit
• răsărită
• răsăritean
• răsăritură

Related words

• sări
• Aromanian arsar

Usage notes

MDA2 and the DLR list a separate, now obsolete răsări made of the prefix răs- and sări, recorded from Miron Costin and Neculce, meaning “to go astray, be lost” (of documents) or “to move away”, and regionally “to split off”.^[4][5]

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001), p. s.v. răsări
3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 917
4. ^ a b c d e f Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 2, 639
5. ^ a b c Academia Română (1965–2010), Dicționarul limbii române (DLR), serie nouă, tom I–XIX, București: Editura Academiei Române, p. s.v. răsări
6. ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. 7540
7. ^ Pascu, Giorge (1925), Dictionnaire étymologique macédoroumain, 2 vols. (I: Les éléments latins et romans; II: Les éléments grecs, turcs, slaves, albanais, germaniques, magyars, néologismes, créations immédiates, obscurs), Iași: Cultura Națională, p. 1, 152
8. ^ Papahagi, Tache (1963), Dicționarul dialectului aromân, general și etimologic, București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 151
9. ^ Capidan, Theodor (1935), Meglenoromânii III: Dicționar meglenoromân, București: Academia Română, p. 246
10. ^ a b Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Ungureanu, Mădălina; Moruz, Alexandru et al., roPsalt: Re-evaluating the Sixteenth Century Romanian Psalters (aligned corpus), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro, p. Ps 91:7
11. ^ a b c d Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. răsări
12. ^ a b Ungureanu, Mădălina; Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Moruz, Alexandru (eds.), eRomLex: The First Romanian Bilingual Dictionaries (17th century), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro, p. s.v. răsări
13. ^ Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Ungureanu, Mădălina; Moruz, Alexandru et al., roPsalt: Re-evaluating the Sixteenth Century Romanian Psalters (aligned corpus), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro, p. Ps 106:3
14. ^ Biblia, adecă Dumnezeiasca Scriptură a ceii vechi și a ceii noao leage, București, 1688 (ed. 1988, tricentennial edition), p. Genesis 2:8