pune

Forms

pune (third-person singular present pune, past participle pus, third-person subjunctive pună) 3rd conjugation^[1] The first person present is often pui in popular speech: the second person pui, from Latin pōnis, spread to the first.^[2][3] The perfect stem puș- continues Latin posī, recorded in inscriptions for Classical posuī.^[4]

Etymology

It is inherited from Latin pōnō (“to put, place”).^{[3][2][5][1][6]} The Latin verb goes back to Proto-Italic *posinō, a compound of a prefix *po- and the verb that gave sinō (“to let”).^[7][8]

The word survives in all four branches: Aromanian pun, Megleno-Romanian pun and Istro-Romanian pur or pure.^{[3][9][10][4]} Its Romance cognates include Italian porre, Logudorese ponnere, French pondre (“to lay eggs”), Occitan ponre, Catalan pondre, Spanish poner and Portuguese pôr.^[3][6]

The inherited compounds apune, depune and supune follow its conjugation, as do the 19th-century loans modelled on French: compune, impune, dispune, presupune, opune, propune.^[3]

Earliest recorded meaning

MDA2 dates the first record to the Psaltirea Hurmuzaki (c. 1500–1520), which has the forms puse “he put” and puseră “they put”.^[2][11][12] Tiktin cites the Psaltirea Scheiană.^[13]

Semantic evolution

The core sense “to put, place” branched out early into “to set up, appoint”, “to impose”, “to put on (clothes)” and “to plant, sow”.^[3][5] The reflexive took many senses: “to sit down”, “to set about something”, “to oppose”, “to quarrel with”, and, of snow and winter, “to settle, set in”.^[3][5] A Muntenian glossary records se pune of the moon setting.^[14] Old derivatives are pusoare and pusătură “position, situation”, recorded in the chronicles and in Cantemir.^[4]

Timeline

• early 16th century – puse and puseră in the Psaltirea Hurmuzaki, the first record.^[2][11]
• c. 1573–1578 – pune in the Psaltirea Scheiană.^[13][15]
• 1649 – pune in Mardarie's Slavonic–Romanian lexicon.^[16]

Meanings

Verb

1. To put, place, set something somewhere; to hang up; to lay out.^[5][1]
2. To put in its proper place, to arrange.^[5]
3. To bring someone into a new situation or state; to appoint to a rank or office.^[5]
4. To plant, sow.^[5][1]
5. To put on clothes or shoes.^[5]
6. To deposit or invest money.^[5]
7. To make someone do something by authority: L-a pus să scrie.^[1]
8. Reflexive: to settle, as snow does; of a season or weather, to set in.^[5]
9. Reflexive: to sit or lie down.^[1]
10. Reflexive, with pe: to set about doing something: s-a pus pe învățat.^[5][1]
11. Reflexive, with cu: (colloquial) to take on, pick a fight with someone.^[1][3]

Word family

• punere
• pus
• puitor
• pusătură

Related words

• apune
• depune
• presupune
• propune
• supune
• poziție
• Aromanian pun
• Latin pōnō

Usage notes

Common phrases are a pune mâna pe “to lay hands on”, a pune foc “to set fire to” and a pune umărul “to lend a hand”.^[5][2]

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 2, 598
3. ^ a b c d e f g h Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001), p. s.v. pune
4. ^ a b c Candrea, I.-A.; Densusianu, Ov. (1907–1914), Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române: elementele latine (A–Putea), București
5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 897
6. ^ a b Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. 6647
7. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
8. ^ Graur, Alexandru (1980), Cuvinte înrudite, București: Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică
9. ^ Papahagi, Tache (1963), Dicționarul dialectului aromân, general și etimologic, București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 893
10. ^ Capidan, Theodor (1935), Meglenoromânii III: Dicționar meglenoromân, București: Academia Română, p. 240
11. ^ a b Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Ungureanu, Mădălina; Moruz, Alexandru et al., roPsalt: Re-evaluating the Sixteenth Century Romanian Psalters (aligned corpus), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro, p. Ps 17:13
12. ^ Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Ungureanu, Mădălina; Moruz, Alexandru et al., roPsalt: Re-evaluating the Sixteenth Century Romanian Psalters (aligned corpus), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro, p. Ps 40:9
13. ^ a b Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. púne
14. ^ Marin, Maria; Mărgărit, Iulia, Glosar dialectal. Muntenia, București: Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti”, p. 350
15. ^ Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Ungureanu, Mădălina; Moruz, Alexandru et al., roPsalt: Re-evaluating the Sixteenth Century Romanian Psalters (aligned corpus), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro, p. Ps 82:12
16. ^ Ungureanu, Mădălina; Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Moruz, Alexandru (eds.), eRomLex: The First Romanian Bilingual Dictionaries (17th century), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro, p. s.v. pune