Etymology and origin of the Romanian word patru
- Confidence
- Established
- Formation
- Inherited
- First attested
- 1563–1583 Codicele Voronețean More words from the 16th century
- Inherited from
- Latin quattuor
- Ultimate origin
- Proto-Indo-European *kʷetwṓr
Etymology tree
Derivations
From the same root
Pronunciation
- /ˈpa.tru/[1]
Forms
patru[1] The old ordinal patrul “fourth” was used in the 16th and 17th centuries; the modern form is al patrulea, feminine a patra.[2] In the Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet the word was written патру.[1]
Etymology
It is inherited from Latin quattuor (“four”), reduced in popular speech to ⟨quattor⟩, the form found in inscriptions.[3][4][5][6][7] The Latin numeral comes from Proto-Italic *kʷettwōr, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷetwṓr.[1][8]
The word survives in all four branches: Aromanian patru, Megleno-Romanian patru and Istro-Romanian påtru.[4][9][10][11] Its Romance cognates include Dalmatian kuatro, Italian quattro, Sardinian batoro, French quatre, Occitan quatre, Catalan quatre, Spanish cuatro and Portuguese quatro.[4][12][1]
Earliest recorded meaning
Tiktin and MDA2 find the first record in the Codicele Voronețean (c. 1563–1583), in the Acts of the Apostles: „Acela avea patru feate vărgure” “he had four daughters, virgins”.[3][2][13]
Semantic evolution
Beside the numeral, the word names the figure 4, the school mark four and a card or die with four pips.[5] Phrases reflect the idea of four parts or four sides: între patru ochi “in private”, în cele patru zări “in every direction”, a fi cu ochii în patru “to keep a sharp lookout”, a despica firul în patru “to split hairs”, a face pe dracu-n patru “to move heaven and earth”.[5][14] Patru clase once meant the primary school.[5][3] Recent usage has 4 x 4 for a four-wheel-drive car.[15]
Romanian formed patruzeci “forty”, the verb împătri “to quadruple”, pătrar “quarter; four-year-old horse” and pătrime “quarter” from it.[4] Paisprezece “fourteen” took its pai- after șaisprezece “sixteen”.[2]
Timeline
- c. 1563–1583 – patru feate “four daughters” in the Codicele Voronețean.[3][13]
- 16th–17th century – the old ordinal patrul “fourth”.[2]
- 1688 – ceale patru cărți de astronomie in the preface of the Bucharest Bible.[13]
- 1825 – the Lexicon of Buda glosses it with Latin quatuor.[16]
- 2001 – 4 x 4 for an off-road car in the press.[15]
Meanings
Numeral
- four: the number between three and five; as an adjective: patru scaune four chairs.[5][1]
- The figure 4; the mark four at school; a card or die with four pips.[5]
- With an ordinal sense, fourth: camera patru room four.[5]
- în patru in four parts, in quarters: a tăia mărul în patru.[5]
Word family
- patruzeci
- paisprezece
- împătri
- pătrar
- pătrime
- pătrat
Related words
- Aromanian patru
- Latin quattuor
Usage notes
MDA2 records a rare plural patruri and the regional phrase în patru ițe “drunk”.[3]
References
- ^ a b c d e f Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
- ^ a b c d Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. pátru
- ^ a b c d e Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 2, 286
- ^ a b c d Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001), p. s.v. patru
- ^ a b c d e f g h DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 784
- ^ Candrea, I.-A.; Densusianu, Ov. (1907–1914), Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române: elementele latine (A–Putea), București
- ^ Rey, Alain, ed. (1992), Dictionnaire historique de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert
- ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
- ^ Popovici, Iosif (1909), Dialectele romîne din Istria II: texte și glosar, Halle a. S., p. 134
- ^ Capidan, Theodor (1935), Meglenoromânii III: Dicționar meglenoromân, București: Academia Română, p. 218
- ^ Kovačec, August (1998), Istrorumunjsko-hrvatski rječnik (s gramatikom i tekstovima), Pula
- ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. 6945
- ^ a b c Academia Română (1965–2010), Dicționarul limbii române (DLR), serie nouă, tom I–XIX, București: Editura Academiei Române, p. s.v. patru
- ^ Scriban, August (1939), Dicționaru limbii românești (etimologii, înțelesuri, exemple, citațiuni, arhaizme, neologizme, provincializme), Iași: Presa Bună, p. 944
- ^ a b Dimitrescu, Florica (1997), Dicționar de cuvinte recente, 2nd ed., București: Logos (with the 3rd ed., 2013, in CLRE)
- ^ Lesicon românescu-latinescu-ungurescu-nemțescu quare de mai mulți autori, în cursul a trideci și mai multor ani s-au lucrat (1825), Buda: Typographia Universității (the Lexicon of Buda, ed. Petru Maior et al.), p. 489
Related etymologies
Cite this entry
“Patru.” Etymologically, 11 Nov. 2026, etymologically.com/ro/patru. Accessed 12 Nov. 2026.
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