Etymologically

Etymology and origin of the Romanian word patru

Confidence
Established
Formation
Inherited
First attested
1563–1583 Codicele Voronețean More words from the 16th century
Inherited from
Latin quattuor
Ultimate origin
Proto-Indo-European *kʷetwṓr
Etymology tree
inherited borrowed derived
Latin quattuor
Italian quattro
Romanian patru
Spanish cuatro
Derivations
From the same root
Latin quadrivium ← quattuor
Latin quadrus ← quattuor
Latin quater ← quattuor
Latin quattuordecim ← quattuor

Pronunciation

Forms

patru[1] The old ordinal patrul “fourth” was used in the 16th and 17th centuries; the modern form is al patrulea, feminine a patra.[2] In the Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet the word was written патру.[1]

Etymology

It is inherited from Latin quattuor (“four”), reduced in popular speech to ⟨quattor⟩, the form found in inscriptions.[3][4][5][6][7] The Latin numeral comes from Proto-Italic *kʷettwōr, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷetwṓr.[1][8]

The word survives in all four branches: Aromanian patru, Megleno-Romanian patru and Istro-Romanian påtru.[4][9][10][11] Its Romance cognates include Dalmatian kuatro, Italian quattro, Sardinian batoro, French quatre, Occitan quatre, Catalan quatre, Spanish cuatro and Portuguese quatro.[4][12][1]

Earliest recorded meaning

Tiktin and MDA2 find the first record in the Codicele Voronețean (c. 1563–1583), in the Acts of the Apostles: „Acela avea patru feate vărgure” “he had four daughters, virgins”.[3][2][13]

Semantic evolution

Beside the numeral, the word names the figure 4, the school mark four and a card or die with four pips.[5] Phrases reflect the idea of four parts or four sides: între patru ochi “in private”, în cele patru zări “in every direction”, a fi cu ochii în patru “to keep a sharp lookout”, a despica firul în patru “to split hairs”, a face pe dracu-n patru “to move heaven and earth”.[5][14] Patru clase once meant the primary school.[5][3] Recent usage has 4 x 4 for a four-wheel-drive car.[15]

Romanian formed patruzeci “forty”, the verb împătri “to quadruple”, pătrar “quarter; four-year-old horse” and pătrime “quarter” from it.[4] Paisprezece “fourteen” took its pai- after șaisprezece “sixteen”.[2]

Timeline

  • c. 1563–1583 – patru feate “four daughters” in the Codicele Voronețean.[3][13]
  • 16th–17th century – the old ordinal patrul “fourth”.[2]
  • 1688 – ceale patru cărți de astronomie in the preface of the Bucharest Bible.[13]
  • 1825 – the Lexicon of Buda glosses it with Latin quatuor.[16]
  • 2001 – 4 x 4 for an off-road car in the press.[15]

Meanings

Numeral

  1. four: the number between three and five; as an adjective: patru scaune four chairs.[5][1]
  2. The figure 4; the mark four at school; a card or die with four pips.[5]
  3. With an ordinal sense, fourth: camera patru room four.[5]
  4. în patru in four parts, in quarters: a tăia mărul în patru.[5]

Word family

  • patruzeci
  • paisprezece
  • împătri
  • pătrar
  • pătrime
  • pătrat

Usage notes

MDA2 records a rare plural patruri and the regional phrase în patru ițe “drunk”.[3]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. pátru
  3. ^ a b c d e Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 2, 286
  4. ^ a b c d Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001), p. s.v. patru
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 784
  6. ^ Candrea, I.-A.; Densusianu, Ov. (1907–1914), Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române: elementele latine (A–Putea), București
  7. ^ Rey, Alain, ed. (1992), Dictionnaire historique de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert
  8. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  9. ^ Popovici, Iosif (1909), Dialectele romîne din Istria II: texte și glosar, Halle a. S., p. 134
  10. ^ Capidan, Theodor (1935), Meglenoromânii III: Dicționar meglenoromân, București: Academia Română, p. 218
  11. ^ Kovačec, August (1998), Istrorumunjsko-hrvatski rječnik (s gramatikom i tekstovima), Pula
  12. ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. 6945
  13. ^ a b c Academia Română (1965–2010), Dicționarul limbii române (DLR), serie nouă, tom I–XIX, București: Editura Academiei Române, p. s.v. patru
  14. ^ Scriban, August (1939), Dicționaru limbii românești (etimologii, înțelesuri, exemple, citațiuni, arhaizme, neologizme, provincializme), Iași: Presa Bună, p. 944
  15. ^ a b Dimitrescu, Florica (1997), Dicționar de cuvinte recente, 2nd ed., București: Logos (with the 3rd ed., 2013, in CLRE)
  16. ^ Lesicon românescu-latinescu-ungurescu-nemțescu quare de mai mulți autori, în cursul a trideci și mai multor ani s-au lucrat (1825), Buda: Typographia Universității (the Lexicon of Buda, ed. Petru Maior et al.), p. 489

Related etymologies

  • apă · also from Latin
  • bun · also from Latin
  • unde · also from Latin
  • veni · also from Latin
  • noi · also from Latin
  • bine · also from Latin
  • un · also from Latin
  • și · also from Latin
Cite this entry

“Patru.” Etymologically, 11 Nov. 2026, etymologically.com/ro/patru. Accessed 12 Nov. 2026.

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