pătrunde

Forms

pătrunde (third-person singular present pătrunde, past participle pătruns), 3rd conjugation^[1] The old language also had a first person pătrunz and a subjunctive să pătrunză.^[2][3]

Etymology

It is inherited from Latin pertundō (“to bore through, perforate”), with the /r/ moved into the first syllable.^[4][3][5][1] Pușcariu (no. 1290), Candrea–Densusianu (no. 1362) and the REW list it among the inherited words.^[4][6] The Latin verb is formed from per- (“through”) and tundō (“to beat”).^[7] Its perfect and participle were remade with /n/ in the spoken language, which explains Romanian ⟨pătrunsei⟩ and ⟨pătruns⟩.^[8] Diez once proposed pertrūdō (“to push through”), with an /n/ as in mărunt and cărunt, a view he later gave up.^[4]

It survives south of the Danube: Aromanian pitrundu.^[4][9] Ciorănescu compares Logudorese pertungere (“to bore”), and Italian pertugio (“narrow hole”) goes back to the participle pertūsus.^[4][10]

Earliest recorded meaning

Tiktin's first record is an Old Testament print of 1581–1582, at Exodus 21:6.^[2] MDA2's first record is Moxa's chronicle of 1620, with the physical sense “to pierce through”: „Picătura, de va pica de pururea pre piatră, încă o pătrunde” “a drop, if it keeps falling on a stone, will pierce it in the end”.^[3][11]

Semantic evolution

The physical sense “to pierce, bore through” is the Latin one.^[11][7] From it came “to get through, penetrate”, said of light, sound, cold and water, and “to enter with difficulty”.^[5][11] Feelings and states came to “pierce” a person too: a liturgy of 1702 asks God to pierce bodies with his fear, and modern usage has “to move deeply”.^[2][5] The mental sense “to see through, fathom” is in Bălcescu, whose boyars had seen through the prince's plans.^[2] The reflexive a se pătrunde de means “to become convinced of”.^[5][12]

Timeline

• 1581-1582 – the first record, Exodus 21:6.^[2]
• 1620 – a drop of water that pierces a stone, in Moxa's chronicle.^[3][11]
• 1660 – a Slavonic–Romanian lexicon glosses a Slavonic verb for “pierce” with pătrunde.^[13]
• 1688 – the Bucharest Bible, as in Luke 2:35.^[14]
• 1702 – pătrunde with God's fear as subject, in a liturgy.^[2]
• 1812 – the reflexive a se pătrunde in a translation of Aesop.^[2]

Meanings

Verb

1. (intransitive) To penetrate, get into a place with difficulty;^[5][3] (transitive) to pierce, perforate; of sounds, to carry as far as somewhere; to scan with one's eyes.^[5][3]
2. (intransitive) To manage to reach or enter a place; to seep in;^[5] (transitive) to fill, soak.^[5]
3. (transitive) To take hold of, overcome;^[5] (reflexive) to be overcome;^[5] (figurative) to move deeply.^[5]
4. (transitive, figurative) To fathom, grasp, understand;^[5][1] (reflexive) to become convinced.^[5][1]

Word family

• pătrunzător
• nepătruns
• pătrundere

Related words

• Aromanian pitrundu
• Latin pertundō

References

1. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. pătrunde
3. ^ a b c d e f Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 2, 313
4. ^ a b c d e Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001), p. s.v. pătrunde
5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 791
6. ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. 6435
7. ^ a b Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
8. ^ Pascu, Giorge (1925), Dictionnaire étymologique macédoroumain, 2 vols. (I: Les éléments latins et romans; II: Les éléments grecs, turcs, slaves, albanais, germaniques, magyars, néologismes, créations immédiates, obscurs), Iași: Cultura Națională, p. 1, 143
9. ^ Papahagi, Tache (1963), Dicționarul dialectului aromân, general și etimologic, București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 854
10. ^ Cortelazzo, Manlio; Zolli, Paolo (1999), Dizionario etimologico della lingua italiana, 2nd ed. by Manlio Cortelazzo and Michele A. Cortelazzo, Bologna: Zanichelli
11. ^ a b c d Academia Română (1965–2010), Dicționarul limbii române (DLR), serie nouă, tom I–XIX, București: Editura Academiei Române, p. s.v. pătrunde
12. ^ Șăineanu, Lazăr (1929), Dicționar universal al limbei române, 6th ed., Craiova: Scrisul Românesc, p. 471
13. ^ Ungureanu, Mădălina; Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Moruz, Alexandru (eds.), eRomLex: The First Romanian Bilingual Dictionaries (17th century), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro, p. s.v. pătrunde
14. ^ Biblia, adecă Dumnezeiasca Scriptură a ceii vechi și a ceii noao leage, București, 1688 (ed. 1988, tricentennial edition), p. Luke 2:35