fuma

Forms

fuma (third-person singular present fumează, past participle fumat) 1st conjugation^[1]

Etymology

It is inherited from Latin fūmō (“to smoke, give off smoke”), from fūmus (“smoke”).^{[2][3][4][5][1]} Ciorănescu lists it among the derivatives of fum “smoke”, but adds that it probably continues the Latin verb.^[6] Its present ⟨fumez⟩ follows the verbs in ⟨-ez⟩, which Wiktionary traces to Vulgar Latin *fūmizō.^[1] The old language also had the present ⟨fumă⟩.^[4][2] The sense “to smoke tobacco” follows French fumer.^[3][7][4] For this sense Marcu takes the whole word from French.^[8]

Ciorănescu gives forms in Megleno- and Istro-Romanian, and Wiktionary compares Aromanian fumedz.^[6][1] The Romance cognates include Italian fumare, Catalan fumar, Spanish fumar and Portuguese fumar.^[5]

Earliest recorded meaning

The first record is Miron Costin's chronicle of Moldavia (c. 1675), in the old sense “to make smoke, burn”: the Tatars burned and plundered the Polish land, „și fuma Țeara Leșească la vederea ochilor leșilor” “and set the Polish land smoking before the eyes of the Poles”.^[2][4]

Semantic evolution

The old senses were “to give off smoke” and “to make something smoke, burn it”;^[4][2][9] MDA2 now marks the first as popular and the second as archaic.^[4][2][9] Pontbriant in 1862 glossed it with French fumer.^[10] In the modern language the word means above all smoking tobacco, a sense the dictionaries take from French.^[3][7] Older and popular synonyms are a bea tutun “to drink tobacco” and the regional a duhăni.^[4][11][12]

Timeline

• c. 1675 – fuma “set smoking, burn” in Miron Costin's chronicle.^[2][4]
• 1862 – Pontbriant's dictionary.^[10]
• 1931 – CADE defines it as smoking tobacco only.^[11]

Meanings

Verb

1. To smoke tobacco: to draw in the smoke of a cigarette, a cigar or a pipe: Nu mai fumează de doi ani.^[3][4][1]
2. (popular) To give off smoke, to burn with smoke.^[4][1]
3. (archaic) To make something smoke; to burn.^[4][2]

Word family

• fumător
• fumat
• nefumător

Related words

• afuma
• fum
• fumega

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. fuma
3. ^ a b c d DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 418
4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 1, 951
5. ^ a b Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. 3568
6. ^ a b Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001), p. s.v. fum
7. ^ a b Academia Republicii Populare Romîne (1958), Dicționarul limbii romîne moderne, București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. s.v. fuma
8. ^ Marcu, Florin (2000), Marele dicționar de neologisme, București: Saeculum Vizual, p. s.v. fuma
9. ^ a b Damé, Frédéric (1893–1895), Nouveau dictionnaire roumain-français, 4 vols., Bucarest: Imprimerie de l'État, p. s.v. fuma
10. ^ a b Pontbriant, Raoul de (1862), Dictiunaru romano-francesu, Bucuresci: A. Ulrich / Göttingen: Dieterich, p. 275
11. ^ a b Candrea, I.-A.; Adamescu, Gh. (1926–1931), Dicționarul enciclopedic ilustrat „Cartea Românească”, București: Cartea Românească, p. s.v. fuma
12. ^ Șăineanu, Lazăr (1929), Dicționar universal al limbei române, 6th ed., Craiova: Scrisul Românesc, p. 262