fumosus

Forms

fūmōsus (feminine fūmōsa, neuter fūmōsum); first/second-declension adjective^[1]

Etymology

It is from Latin fūmus (“smoke”) + -ōsus.^[2][1][3] De Vaan traces fūmus to Proto-Italic *fūmo- and Proto-Indo-European *dʰuh₂-mó- (“smoke, fume”), comparing Sanskrit धूम (dhūmá-, “smoke, fume”), Ancient Greek θυμός (thūmós, “spirit”), Lithuanian dū́mai (“smoke”) and Old High German toum (“steam”).^[4] He notes that the long vowel of the noun is unexpected and has been explained by analogy with fūlīgō (“soot”) and suffiō (“to fumigate”).^[4]

Earliest recorded meaning

De Vaan dates it from Cato,^[4] who uses it in his treatise on farming of a flame that will come out less smoky and of smoky firewood.^[2][5][3]

Semantic evolution

Its senses are full of smoke or blackened by smoke, giving off smoke, and smoked.^[2] Virgil has wine-press strainers taken down from smoky roofs, Tibullus wine jars grimy from smoke, and Horace smoked hams.^[2] Cicero speaks of smoke-darkened ancestral portraits, and Martial calls December smoky because of the fires lit in it.^[5] The TLL notes that manuscripts sometimes confuse it with fāmōsus, and that it lives on in Italian fumoso and French fumeux.^[6]

Timeline

• 234–149 BC – Cato of a less smoky flame and of smoky firewood.^[2][5][4][3]
• 81–43 BC – Cicero of smoke-darkened portraits.^[5][3]
• 70–19 BC – Virgil of smoky roofs.^[2][3]
• 65–8 BC – Horace of smoked hams.^[2][3]
• c. 55–19/18 BC – Tibullus of smoke-grimed wine jars.^[2][3]
• 40–102/103 AD – Martial of smoky December.^[5][3]

Meanings

Adjective

1. Full of smoke, smoky; blackened by smoke.^[2][5][1]
2. Giving off much smoke.^[2][5]
3. Of food, smoked.^[2][1]

Related words

• fūmus

References

1. ^ a b c d e f Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
3. ^ a b c d e f g h Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
4. ^ a b c d de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
5. ^ a b c d e f g Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
6. ^ Thesaurus linguae Latinae (1900–), Leipzig: Teubner; Berlin: De Gruyter; open-access ed., Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften