funingine

Forms

funingine f (plural funingini)^[1]

Etymology

It is inherited from Latin fūlīgō (“soot”), from its accusative fūlīginem.^{[2][3][4][5][6][1]} It survives in Aromanian furidzinã, also ⟨fulidzine⟩.^[7][3][8] Its Romance cognates include Italian fuliggine, Spanish hollín and Portuguese fuligem.^[2][8]

With Latin /l/ becoming /r/ between vowels, the regular outcome would have been ⟨furigine⟩.^[2][1] Ciorănescu and Wiktionary explain the /n/ by assimilation.^[2][1] Candrea and Densusianu give the chain ⟨furigine⟩ > ⟨funigine⟩ > ⟨funingine⟩, and account for the regional ⟨fulingine⟩ (Ialomița) and ⟨furingină⟩ (Sălaj) by dissimilation.^[9]

De Vaan derives the Latin word from Proto-Indo-European *dʰuh₂-li- (“smoke, dust”).^[10]

Earliest recorded meaning

Tiktin dates the first record to the Cazania de la Govora of 1642.^[3] Mardarie's lexicon of 1649 glosses Slavonic сажа “soot” with it.^[11] Dosoftei's lives of the saints (1682–1686) compare a black dust to it: „sămănându-ș cu funinginea cea de cuptoriu” “resembling the soot of the oven”.^[3][5][4]

Semantic evolution

The meaning has stayed the same: the black matter that smoke leaves on chimneys and stoves.^[6][5] The plural funingini is used only for kinds of soot.^[5] Folk medicine drank soot with black coffee against a cough, the DA records.^[5] In modern slang the word means “cigarette”.^[12]

Ciorănescu takes funinginat “sooty, black” for a Romanian derivative, while Candrea–Densusianu and the DA trace it to Latin fūlīginātus.^[2][9]

Timeline

• 1642 – the first record, in the Cazania de la Govora.^[3]
• 1649 – Mardarie's Slavonic–Romanian lexicon.^[11]
• 1682–1686 – funinginea cea de cuptoriu in Dosoftei's lives of the saints.^[4][5]
• 1801 – Klein's dictionary gives it with Latin fuligo.^[13]
• 1814 – soot falling from the chimney in a calendar.^[5]

Meanings

Noun

1. soot: the black or dark brown matter, mostly carbon, left by incomplete burning, which settles inside chimneys and stoves.^[6][1]
2. (slang) A cigarette.^[12]

Word family

• funinginat
• funinginos

Related words

• Aromanian furidzinã
• Latin fūlīgō

Usage notes

Regional forms include funingină and funingănă in Moldavia, fulingine in Muntenia and furingină in Transylvania.^[4][5]

References

1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001), p. s.v. funingine
3. ^ a b c d e Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. funingine
4. ^ a b c d Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 1, 954
5. ^ a b c d e f g h Academia Română (1913–1949), Dicționarul limbii române (DA), ed. Sextil Pușcariu, tom I (A–B, C, D–De) and tom II (F–I, J–Lojniță), București: Socec / Universul / Monitorul Oficial și Imprimeriile Statului; page scans at cflr-scans.solirom.ro, p. s.v. funingine
6. ^ a b c DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 420
7. ^ Papahagi, Tache (1963), Dicționarul dialectului aromân, general și etimologic, București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 480
8. ^ a b Pușcariu, Sextil (1905), Etymologisches Wörterbuch der rumänischen Sprache I: Lateinisches Element, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. 58
9. ^ a b Candrea, I.-A.; Densusianu, Ov. (1907–1914), Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române: elementele latine (A–Putea), București, p. 586
10. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
11. ^ a b Ungureanu, Mădălina; Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Moruz, Alexandru (eds.), eRomLex: The First Romanian Bilingual Dictionaries (17th century), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro, p. s.v. funingine
12. ^ a b Volceanov, George (2007), Dicționar de argou al limbii române, București: Niculescu, p. s.v. funingine
13. ^ Gáldi, László (ed.) (1944), Samuel Klein: Dictionarium valachico-latinum. Primul dicționar al limbii române, Budapest: Királyi Magyar Pázmány Péter Tudományegyetemi Román Intézet (Klein's dictionary of 1801, with Gáldi's etymological study), p. 363