extrage

Forms

extrage (present extrag, third-person singular extrage, past participle extras, third-person subjunctive extragă), 3rd conjugation^[1] An older variant is estrage: Eminescu wrote „spre a estrage rădăcina cubică a unui număr” “in order to extract the cube root of a number”.^[2][3]

Etymology

It is borrowed from Latin extrahō (“to draw out”), a learned loan, conjugated after the inherited verb trage “to pull”.^[3][4] It is also borrowed from French extraire.^[3][4][2] DEX and Tiktin name only the Latin verb, the CADE only the French one, refashioned after that verb.^[5][6][7] The Latin verb is formed from ex- (“out of”) and trahō (“to draw, pull”).^[3] The same Latin verb was inherited in Aromanian astrag.^[1]

The French verb is a 14th-century reshaping, after Latin, of Old French estraire, from Vulgar Latin *extragō.^[8]

Earliest recorded meaning

Tiktin's first record is a document of 1791 published in the Analele Academiei Române, with the sense “to draw out”.^[6] DELR and MDA2 date the word to 1836, in Asachi's arithmetic textbook, in the phrase a extrage întregii “to take out the whole numbers” of an improper fraction.^[3][4][2]

Semantic evolution

The mathematical senses came first in the record: taking the whole numbers out of a fraction, and computing a root, as in Eminescu's a estrage rădăcina cubică.^[2] The chemical sense, separating a substance from a compound, is in Negulici's and Costinescu's dictionaries.^[2] Later the verb was used for taking a passage from a book, for mining ores and oil, for drawing a tooth or a bullet, and figuratively for drawing ideas or conclusions out of a body of facts, as Maiorescu did.^[4][2][7] In underworld slang it means “to pick pockets”.^[9]

Timeline

• 1791 – first record, in a document.^[6]
• 1836 – a extrage întregii in Asachi's arithmetic.^[3][4]
• 1848 – the chemical sense, in Negulici's dictionary.^[2]

Meanings

Verb

1. To extract a substance from a material, to separate one substance from another.^[5][4]
2. To take out a body from the place where it formed or was put: to draw a tooth, to remove a bullet; to mine ores or oil.^[5][4][10]
3. To take a quotation or a passage from a text.^[11][10]
4. To draw ideas, data or conclusions from a set of facts.^[4][2]
5. (mathematics) a extrage rădăcina pătrată (or cubică): to compute the square (or cube) root of a number.^[5]
6. (underworld slang) To pick pockets.^[9]

Word family

• extras

Related words

• trage
• Aromanian astrag

References

1. ^ a b Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h Academia Română (1965–2010), Dicționarul limbii române (DLR), serie nouă, tom I–XIX, București: Editura Academiei Române, p. s.v. extrage
3. ^ a b c d e f Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2011–), Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române (DELR), vol. I: A–B (2011), vol. II: C (2015–2018), București: Editura Academiei Române; continued online at delr.lingv.ro, p. s.v. extrage
4. ^ a b c d e f g h Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 1, 866
5. ^ a b c d DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 374
6. ^ a b c Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. extrage
7. ^ a b Candrea, I.-A.; Adamescu, Gh. (1926–1931), Dicționarul enciclopedic ilustrat „Cartea Românească”, București: Cartea Românească, p. s.v. extrage
8. ^ Rey, Alain, ed. (1992), Dictionnaire historique de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert
9. ^ a b Volceanov, George (2007), Dicționar de argou al limbii române, București: Niculescu, p. s.v. extrage
10. ^ a b Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2002), Noul dicționar explicativ al limbii române, București: Litera Internațional, p. s.v. extrage
11. ^ Marcu, Florin; Maneca, Constant (1986), Dicționar de neologisme, 3rd ed., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, p. s.v. extrage