disciplină

Forms

disciplină f (plural discipline)^[1]

Etymology

It is borrowed from Latin disciplīna (“teaching, training, discipline”), taken into Romanian as a neologism, together with French discipline.^[2][3][4] Wiktionary names French alone, and Tiktin names Italian and French.^[1][5] DELR adds German Disziplin as a further source for the old variant disțiplină, and Italian disciplina as the source of the variants diciplină and dișiplină.^[2] The neologism dictionaries name French, Italian and Latin.^[6][7]

The Latin noun is formed from discipulus (“pupil”) with the suffix -īna.^[8] Plautus still has the full form discipulīna.^[8] French borrowed it from Latin in 1080.^[9] In Old French it also meant “punishment” and “carnage”, but the senses “rule of conduct” and “teaching” are recorded from the first half of the 12th century.^[9]

Earliest recorded meaning

DELR's first record is the variant disțiplină in the preface of Ion Budai-Deleanu's Pravila, of 1788.^[2] Tiktin's first record is from 1801, in Micu's history.^[5] MDA2's is from 1818, in a manual for schoolteachers printed at Buda.^[4]

Semantic evolution

In the first half of the 19th century the word still covered instruction and education.^[10] Negulici's dictionary of 1848 glosses it as instruction, education, institution, regulation, order, law, conduct and rule of life.^[10] The CADE of 1931 still gives “upbringing, education” as its first sense.^[11] Its other senses are the rules imposed on the members of an order or a profession, the order kept in a school, and the strict rules of the army.^[11] Șăineanu's dictionary adds “guidance”, as under a good master, and the disciplinary board of a profession.^[12]

Modern dictionaries give the rules of conduct and order binding on a group, order and a sense of order, and a branch of science or field of study.^[3][4] DELR adds the school subject.^[2] MDA2 lists a series of set phrases, among them consiliu de disciplină “disciplinary board” and the planned-economy terms disciplină contractuală and disciplină financiară.^[4]

The family grew around the same time as the noun.^[2] Indișiplinat “undisciplined” is recorded in 1794 and disciplinat in 1829.^[2] The verb disciplina dates from 1840, and the 20th century added autodisciplină and interdisciplinar.^[2]

Timeline

• 1788 – disțiplină in the preface of Budai-Deleanu's Pravila, the first record.^[2]
• 1794 – indișiplinat “undisciplined” in Văcărescu's history.^[2]
• 1801 – disciplină in Micu's history.^[5]
• 1818 – in a manual for schoolteachers printed at Buda.^[4]
• 1829 – disciplinat “disciplined”.^[2]
• 1837 – disțiplinar “disciplinary”, in Săulescu.^[2]
• 1840 – the verb disciplina and disciplinabil.^[2]
• 1848 – Negulici glosses the word as instruction, education and rule of life.^[10]
• 1911 – autodisciplină “self-discipline”.^[2]
• 1966 – interdisciplinar “interdisciplinary”.^[2]

Meanings

Noun

1. discipline: the rules of behaviour and order that the members of a group must keep: consiliu de disciplină “disciplinary board”.^[3][4]
2. order, a sense of order, the habit of keeping strict order: Elevii acestei clase au multă disciplină.^[3][4]
3. A branch of a știință, a field of study or a school subject, and by extension a science.^[3][2]

Word family

• autodisciplină
• disciplina
• disciplinabil
• disciplinar
• disciplinat
• indisciplinabil
• indisciplinat
• indisciplină
• interdisciplinar
• interdisciplinaritate
• multidisciplinar
• multidisciplinaritate
• nedisciplinat
• pluridisciplinar
• pluridisciplinaritate
• nedisciplină

Usage notes

The plural discipline is used only in the sense “branch of study”.^[3] DELR records several old and rare variants: deciplină, desciplină, desțiplină, diciplină, disiplină and dișiplină.^[2]

References

1. ^ a b Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2011–), Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române (DELR), vol. I: A–B (2011), vol. II: C (2015–2018), București: Editura Academiei Române; continued online at delr.lingv.ro, p. s.v. disciplină
3. ^ a b c d e f DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 318
4. ^ a b c d e f g Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 1, 723
5. ^ a b c Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. disciplină
6. ^ Marcu, Florin; Maneca, Constant (1986), Dicționar de neologisme, 3rd ed., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, p. s.v. disciplină
7. ^ Marcu, Florin (2000), Marele dicționar de neologisme, București: Saeculum Vizual, p. s.v. disciplină
8. ^ a b Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
9. ^ a b Rey, Alain, ed. (1992), Dictionnaire historique de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert
10. ^ a b c Negulici, I. D. (1848), Vocabular romînesc de toate vorbele streine întroduse pînă acum în limba romînească și de toate cuvintele ce s-ar mai putea introduce încă, București, p. s.v. disciplină
11. ^ a b Candrea, I.-A.; Adamescu, Gh. (1926–1931), Dicționarul enciclopedic ilustrat „Cartea Românească”, București: Cartea Românească, p. s.v. disciplină
12. ^ Șăineanu, Lazăr (1929), Dicționar universal al limbei române, 6th ed., Craiova: Scrisul Românesc, p. 212