viagem

Forms

viagem f (plural viagens)^[1] Old Galician-Portuguese wrote viage, viagem, uiagem, vyagem and viajen.^[2][3][4] In the Cantigas de Santa Maria the word is masculine (aquel viage).^[4]

Etymology

It is borrowed from Old Occitan viatge, written Old Galician-Portuguese viage and Old Galician-Portuguese viagem in the oldest texts.^[2][3][5][1] The Occitan word comes from Latin viāticum (“provisions for a journey”),^[2][6][1] the neuter of the adjective viāticus (“relating to a journey”) used as a noun,^[1] which is derived from via (“road, way”).^[6][3] Cunha also allows a formation directly from the Latin noun for "road".^[3]

The Latin word gave French voyage, through Old French voiage, and the Occitan word also reached Spanish, where Spanish viaje is taken from Occitan or from Catalan viatge.^[7][8] In Latin the noun meant the money or food given for a journey, a travelling allowance.^[9] Nascentes notes that the modern sense of "journey" already appears in Fortunatus.^[6]

Earliest recorded meaning

The Cantigas de Santa Maria of the second half of the 13th century have aquel viage / fez "made that journey" (cantiga 195), with the word still masculine.^[4] A Portuguese document of 1339 speaks of dues paid for todallas uiageens "all the voyages" that ships make.^[4]

Semantic evolution

From the first records the word meant a journey to a distant place, and in the 14th-century documents especially a sea voyage.^[4][2] Barbosa (1611) renders it with Latin profectio "departure" and has torna viagem "the return journey",^[10] and Folqman (1755) gives the sea voyage first, with the wish ter boa viagem "to have a good voyage".^[11] Caldas Aulete's old dictionary records boa viagem! as a farewell to those leaving and fazer a viagem do outro mundo "to die",^[12] and Porto Editora has última viagem "death".^[13] By metonymy it came to mean the written account of a journey.^[14][15]

In the 20th century it took the slang sense of a drug "trip", the hallucinations caused by a drug.^[2][16] Brazilian Portuguese also uses it informally for nonsense or far-fetched talk, and para viagem for food packed to be eaten elsewhere.^[1][2] The word passed into Macanese as viázi and into Tetum as viajen.^[1]

Timeline

• 13th century, second half – aquel viage in the Cantigas de Santa Maria.^[4][3]
• 1339 – uiageens and uiagens in a Portuguese document.^[4]
• 1377 – ujagem and viagem.^[4]
• 1392 – the spelling vyagem.^[2]
• 1475 – viagem in the Vida de Santa Maria Egipcíaca (witness 1475–1500).^[17]
• 1522 – viagẽ in a private letter.^[18]
• 1611 – Barbosa lists viagem and torna viagem.^[10]
• 1755 – Folqman gives the sea voyage and ter boa viagem.^[11]
• 1813 – first record of viajar and viajante.^[3]
• 1836 – first record of viajor.^[3]

Meanings

Noun

1. A journey or trip, the act of going from one place to another that is fairly far away: Ela fez uma viagem a Lisboa no verão.^[2][16][1]
2. The travelling itself, the time spent on the way: Li o livro todo durante a viagem.^[2][12]
3. (by metonymy) Someone's absence on a journey: Trato das contas dele enquanto está de viagem.^[2]
4. The distance travelled or still to be covered; the route, percurso.^[2][13]
5. (nautical) A sea voyage; navegação.^[14][15]
6. A written account of what happened and was seen on a journey.^[14][13]
7. (slang) A drug trip, the altered perception or hallucination caused by a drug.^[2][16][1]
8. (Brazil, informal) nonsense, far-fetched ideas.^[1]

Word family

• viageiro
• viajado
• viajante
• viajar
• viajor

Related words

• via
• Spanish viaje
• French voyage

Usage notes

Fixed phrases include boa viagem! "have a good trip!", viagem redonda (of a merchant ship, the voyage from its home port and back) and, in Brazil, para viagem "to take away" (of food).^[2][16][1]

The noun viagem is spelt with ⟨g⟩ and the verb form viajem (from viajar) with ⟨j⟩, as Aurélio and Priberam point out.^[16][14]

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. viagem
3. ^ a b c d e f g Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. viagem
4. ^ a b c d e f g h Instituto da Lingua Galega, Dicionario de dicionarios do galego medieval (DDGM), ed. Ernesto González Seoane, Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm, p. s.v. viage
5. ^ Nascentes, Antenor (1966), Dicionário etimológico resumido, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, p. s.v. viagem
6. ^ a b c Nascentes, Antenor (1955), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, vol. 1: Nomes comuns, Rio de Janeiro (1st ed. 1932, preface by W. Meyer-Lübke), p. s.v. viagem
7. ^ Rey, Alain, ed. (1992), Dictionnaire historique de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert, p. s.v. voyage
8. ^ Real Academia Española; Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española (2014–), Diccionario de la lengua española, 23rd ed., online version 23.8, https://dle.rae.es, p. s.v. viaje
9. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. s.v. uiāticum
10. ^ a b Barbosa, Agostinho (1611), Dictionarium lusitanicolatinum, Braga: Fructuoso Lourenço de Basto (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. viagem
11. ^ a b Folqman, Carlos (1755), Diccionario portuguez, e latino, Lisboa: Régia Officina Silviana (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. viagem
12. ^ a b Aulete, Francisco Júlio Caldas, Dicionário contemporâneo da língua portuguesa (1st ed. 1881), online as Aulete Digital, Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, https://aulete.com.br, p. s.v. viagem
13. ^ a b c Porto Editora (2013), Grande Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, Porto: Porto Editora, p. 9484
14. ^ a b c d Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, Lisboa: Priberam Informática, https://dicionario.priberam.org, p. s.v. viagem
15. ^ a b Michaelis: Moderno Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, São Paulo: Melhoramentos (online as Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa, https://michaelis.uol.com.br), p. s.v. viagem
16. ^ a b c d e Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. viagem
17. ^ Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, CTA – Corpus de Textos Antigos, https://teitok.clul.ul.pt/cta, p. s.v. viagem
18. ^ CLUL (ed.) (2014), P.S. Post Scriptum: Arquivo Digital de Escrita Quotidiana em Portugal e Espanha na Época Moderna, Lisboa: Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, http://ps.clul.ul.pt, p. s.v. viagem