Etymology and origin of the Portuguese word um
- Confidence
- Established
- Formation
- Inherited
- First attested
- 1200s spelt hum and hũa More words from the 13th century
- Inherited from
- Latin unus
- Ultimate origin
- Proto-Indo-European *h₁óynos
Etymology tree
From the same root
Forms
um m (feminine uma)[1] The feminine is uma, the plurals uns and umas.[2][1] Old Galician-Portuguese wrote the masculine ũu, hũu, hum and hũ and the feminine ũa and hũa;[2][3][4][5] Houaiss records uus and huus in the 13th century.[2][3][4][5] The spelling hum was usual until the 18th century, and Wiktionary keeps it as an obsolete variant.[6][7][1]
Etymology
It is inherited from Latin ūnus (“one”), written Old Galician-Portuguese ũu in the oldest texts, with the feminine Old Galician-Portuguese ũa from ūna.[3][2][8][1] In the old form the nasal vowel and the following vowel were still two syllables;[9] Nunes, quoted by Nascentes, shows the two-syllable masculine lasting until at least the 15th century, after which it was reduced by crasis to the single nasal vowel of today.[9] Cunha notes that the modern masculine, feminine and plural forms became general only from the 17th century.[2] The learned doublet is uno, recorded from the 17th century.[1][2]
The same Latin word is Galician un, Spanish uno, Asturian un, Catalan un, Occitan un, French un, Italian uno, Romanian unu and Sardinian unu.[1][10] Corominas notes that the Spanish article un began as a shortened form of the numeral, and that the word became an article in all the Romance languages.[10]
The Latin word was oinos in Old Latin.[1][11] It goes back to *oinos and *h₁óynos (“one, single”), whose descendants include Ancient Greek οἶος (oîos) and Old English ān, the source of one and an.[1][11]
Earliest recorded meaning
Houaiss dates the numeral, the article and the pronoun alike to the 13th century, from Cunha's medieval index, and Cunha has hum, hũa and ũa in that century.[3][2] The glossary of the Cantigas de Santa Maria shows all three uses: un pouco “a little”, os ũus davan y panos, os outros our'ou argen “some gave cloths there, the others gold or silver”, hun cavaleiro “a knight”, hũus ladrões “some thieves”.[5]
Semantic evolution
Medieval notarial books of Galicia use hũu in the 14th century as numeral, article and indefinite pronoun, in phrases such as hũu paaço “a palace” and cada hũu por sy “each one for himself”.[4] Medieval Latin already used unus as an indefinite article and as a pronoun “somebody”.[12]
Barbosa in 1611 heads the word Um but adds aliàs Hum, and Pereira in 1697 refers Um to Hum.[13][14] Bluteau's article is under hum, while Morais in 1789 heads it um and argues against the h, which neither the etymology nor the pronunciation supports.[6][7]
In north-eastern Brazil um can be used as a demonstrative, “this” or “that”.[15] Kabuverdianu has un from it.[1]
Timeline
- 13th century – hum, hũa and ũa.[2]
- 1332 – hũu caruallo “an oak” in a notarial book of Noia.[4]
- 14th century – hũa in the Trasladação de S. Nicolau (a witness of 1301–1400).[16]
- 1431–1446 – hũu in the Vida do honrado Infante Josafat.[17]
- 1500 – hũ in a private letter.[18]
- 1513 – hum in the Livro dos Mártires.[19]
- 1611 – Barbosa heads the word Um, aliàs Hum.[13]
- 17th century – um, uma, uns, umas become general.[2]
- 1789 – Morais heads the word um and rejects the spelling with h.[7]
Meanings
Numeral
- one: the number that denotes unity, a single thing taken whole: Comprei um quilo de arroz.[3][20][21][1]
- First in a series, after a noun: página um.[3][22]
Article
- a, an: introduces a person or thing not yet mentioned or identified: Ontem conheci um vizinho novo.[3][20][1]
- (plural) Some, a few; before a numeral, about: uns vinte dias.[3][1]
- Each, every, any member of a class: Um médico deve ouvir o doente.[3][23]
- Some, a certain: Um dia destes passo por lá.[3][23]
- (emphatic, usually feminine) Quite a, a remarkable: Foi uma festa![1]
Pronoun
- One person, someone; one thing: um diz uma coisa, outro diz outra.[3][23][22]
- (north-eastern Brazil) This, that.[15]
Noun
Related words
- uno
- único
- unidade
- Latin ūnus
- Galician un
Usage notes
Michaelis records a separate noun um, the name of an Indian tree (Guatteria speciosa).[24]
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. um
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. um
- ^ a b c d Instituto da Lingua Galega, Dicionario de dicionarios do galego medieval (DDGM), ed. Ernesto González Seoane, Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm, p. s.v. hũu
- ^ a b c Instituto da Lingua Galega, Dicionario de dicionarios do galego medieval (DDGM), ed. Ernesto González Seoane, Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm, p. s.v. ũu
- ^ a b Bluteau, Raphael (1712–1728), Vocabulario portuguez e latino, 8 vols. + 2 supplement vols., Coimbra / Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. hum
- ^ a b c Silva, António de Morais (1789), Diccionario da lingua portugueza composto pelo padre D. Rafael Bluteau, reformado, e accrescentado, 2 vols., Lisboa: Simão Thaddeo Ferreira, p. 1, 686
- ^ Nascentes, Antenor (1966), Dicionário etimológico resumido, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, p. s.v. um
- ^ a b Nascentes, Antenor (1955), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, vol. 1: Nomes comuns, Rio de Janeiro (1st ed. 1932, preface by W. Meyer-Lübke), p. 514
- ^ a b Corominas, Joan; Pascual, José A. (1980–1991), Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico, 6 vols., Madrid: Gredos, p. 5, 715
- ^ a b de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill, p. s.v. ūnus
- ^ Niermeyer, J. F. (1976), Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon Minus, Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. unus
- ^ a b Barbosa, Agostinho (1611), Dictionarium lusitanicolatinum, Braga: Fructuoso Lourenço de Basto (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. um
- ^ Pereira, Bento (1697), Thesouro da lingoa portuguesa, in the 1697 edition of his Prosodia (1st ed. 1647; CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. um
- ^ a b Navarro, Fred (2004), Dicionário do Nordeste, São Paulo: Estação Liberdade, p. s.v. um
- ^ Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, CTA – Corpus de Textos Antigos, https://teitok.clul.ul.pt/cta, p. s.v. hũa
- ^ Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, CTA – Corpus de Textos Antigos, https://teitok.clul.ul.pt/cta, p. s.v. hũu
- ^ CLUL (ed.) (2014), P.S. Post Scriptum: Arquivo Digital de Escrita Quotidiana em Portugal e Espanha na Época Moderna, Lisboa: Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, http://ps.clul.ul.pt, p. s.v. um
- ^ Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, CTA – Corpus de Textos Antigos, https://teitok.clul.ul.pt/cta, p. s.v. hum
- ^ a b Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. um
- ^ Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, Lisboa: Priberam Informática, https://dicionario.priberam.org, p. s.v. um
- ^ a b c Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, revised online edition (2023–) of the Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea (2001), https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt, p. s.v. um
- ^ a b c Aulete, Francisco Júlio Caldas, Dicionário contemporâneo da língua portuguesa (1st ed. 1881), online as Aulete Digital, Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, https://aulete.com.br, p. s.v. um
- ^ Michaelis: Moderno Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, São Paulo: Melhoramentos (online as Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa, https://michaelis.uol.com.br), p. s.v. um
Related etymologies
Cite this entry
“Um.” Etymologically, 15 Nov. 2026, etymologically.com/pt/um. Accessed 16 Nov. 2026.
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