Etymologically

provocação

Etymology and origin of the Portuguese word provocação

Confidence
Established
Formation
Borrowing
First attested
1400s More words from the 15th century
Borrowed from
Latin provocatio
Ultimate origin
Proto-Indo-European *wṓkʷs
Etymology tree
inherited borrowed derived
Latin vocō
Italian vogare
Portuguese vogar
Spanish bogar
Latin prōvocō
English provoke
French provoquer
Romanian provoca
Italian provocare
Spanish provocar
English provocation
Portuguese provocação
Spanish provocación
From the same root
Latin advocō ← vocō
Latin aequivocus ← vocō
Latin āvocō ← vocō
Latin convocō ← vocō
Latin devoco ← vocō
Latin ēvocō ← vocō
Latin invocō ← vocō
Latin revocō ← vocō
Latin sevoco ← vocō
Latin vocābulum ← vocō
Latin vocātiō ← vocō
Latin vocātīvus ← vocō
Latin vocātus ← vocō
Latin vocitō ← vocō
Spanish vocablo ← vocō
Latin prōvocātīvus ← prōvocō
Romanian provocare ← provoca
Spanish provocativo ← provocar

Pronunciation

  • Brazil: /pɾo.vo.kaˈsɐ̃w̃/, [pɾo.vo.kaˈsɐ̃ʊ̯̃][1]
  • Portugal: /pɾu.vu.kɐˈsɐ̃w̃/[1]
  • Northern, Portugal: /pɾu.bu.kɐˈsɐ̃w̃/, [pɾu.βu.kɐˈsɐ̃w̃][1]

Forms

provocação f (plural provocações)[1]

Etymology

It is borrowed from Latin prōvocātiō (“a challenge; incitement”), first recorded in the 15th century.[2][3][1] Cunha dates it only to 1813.[4] The Latin noun is formed from prōvocō (“to call forth, challenge”) with the suffix -tiō, and the verb from prō- and vocō (“to call”).[5][6] The simple verb is derived from vōx (“voice”), from Proto-Indo-European *wṓkʷs (“voice”).[7][1] Within Portuguese the noun can be analysed as provocar with the suffix -ção.[1]

The same Latin word was borrowed as Spanish provocación, Catalan provocació, French provocation and Italian provocazione.[1][8]

Earliest recorded meaning

Houaiss dates the word to the 15th century from Cunha's index of medieval Portuguese, in the general sense “the act of provoking”.[2] A private letter of 1594 has the plural provocaçois.[9]

Semantic evolution

Latin used the noun first for a challenge to single combat, and in Late Latin for a stimulus or encouragement.[5][10] Vieira (1871–1874) gives both lines: a challenge to a duel, and whatever stirs something up, as in provocação ao somno “something that induces sleep”.[11] The old Aulete adds “insult” and “temptation”.[12] Houaiss records an informal use for a person whose looks and manner seem a sexual invitation, and a political one for the act of an agent provocateur.[2]

Timeline

  • 15th century – first record.[2]
  • 1594 – provocaçois in a private letter.[9]
  • 1813 – Cunha's date for the word, from the dictionaries.[4]
  • 1871–1874 – Vieira records the senses “challenge to a duel” and “stimulus”.[11]
  • 1912 – Silva Bastos gives “challenge” and “temptation”.[13]

Meanings

Noun

  1. The act of provoking; provocation.[2][14][1]
  2. A challenge meant to force someone into a fight, quarrel or war; desafio, repto.[2][14]
  3. An insult, an affront: Não respondeu às provocações dos colegas.[2][14][15]
  4. Irreverent or cheeky behaviour; atrevimento, petulância.[2]
  5. Stimulation, incitement; tentação;[2][14][15] (informal) a person who seems to invite sexual advances.[2][14][15]
  6. (politics) The act of an agent provocateur.[2]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. provocação
  3. ^ Nascentes, Antenor (1966), Dicionário etimológico resumido, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, p. s.v. provocação
  4. ^ a b Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. provocar
  5. ^ a b Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. s.v. prōvocātiō
  6. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. s.v. prōvocō
  7. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill, p. s.v. vōx
  8. ^ Real Academia Española; Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española (2014–), Diccionario de la lengua española, 23rd ed., online version 23.8, https://dle.rae.es, p. s.v. provocación
  9. ^ a b CLUL (ed.) (2014), P.S. Post Scriptum: Arquivo Digital de Escrita Quotidiana em Portugal e Espanha na Época Moderna, Lisboa: Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, http://ps.clul.ul.pt, p. s.v. provocação
  10. ^ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. s.v. prōvocātiō
  11. ^ a b Vieira, Frei Domingos (1871–1874), Grande Diccionario Portuguez ou Thesouro da lingua portugueza, 5 vols., Porto: Ernesto Chardron e Bartholomeu H. de Moraes, p. 4, 1005
  12. ^ Aulete, Francisco Júlio Caldas, Dicionário contemporâneo da língua portuguesa (1st ed. 1881), online as Aulete Digital, Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, https://aulete.com.br, p. s.v. provocação
  13. ^ Silva Bastos, José Timóteo da (1912), Diccionario etymologico, prosodico e orthographico da lingua portugueza, Lisboa: Parceria António Maria Pereira, p. s.v. provocação
  14. ^ a b c d e Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. provocação
  15. ^ a b c Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, revised online edition (2023–) of the Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea (2001), https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt, p. s.v. provocação

Related etymologies

Cite this entry

“Provocação.” Etymologically, 15 Nov. 2026, etymologically.com/pt/provoca%C3%A7%C3%A3o. Accessed 16 Nov. 2026.

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