Etymology and origin of the Portuguese word provocação
- Confidence
- Established
- Formation
- Borrowing
- First attested
- 1400s More words from the 15th century
- Borrowed from
- Latin provocatio
- Ultimate origin
- Proto-Indo-European *wṓkʷs
Etymology tree
From the same root
Pronunciation
Forms
provocação f (plural provocações)[1]
Etymology
It is borrowed from Latin prōvocātiō (“a challenge; incitement”), first recorded in the 15th century.[2][3][1] Cunha dates it only to 1813.[4] The Latin noun is formed from prōvocō (“to call forth, challenge”) with the suffix -tiō, and the verb from prō- and vocō (“to call”).[5][6] The simple verb is derived from vōx (“voice”), from Proto-Indo-European *wṓkʷs (“voice”).[7][1] Within Portuguese the noun can be analysed as provocar with the suffix -ção.[1]
The same Latin word was borrowed as Spanish provocación, Catalan provocació, French provocation and Italian provocazione.[1][8]
Earliest recorded meaning
Houaiss dates the word to the 15th century from Cunha's index of medieval Portuguese, in the general sense “the act of provoking”.[2] A private letter of 1594 has the plural provocaçois.[9]
Semantic evolution
Latin used the noun first for a challenge to single combat, and in Late Latin for a stimulus or encouragement.[5][10] Vieira (1871–1874) gives both lines: a challenge to a duel, and whatever stirs something up, as in provocação ao somno “something that induces sleep”.[11] The old Aulete adds “insult” and “temptation”.[12] Houaiss records an informal use for a person whose looks and manner seem a sexual invitation, and a political one for the act of an agent provocateur.[2]
Timeline
- 15th century – first record.[2]
- 1594 – provocaçois in a private letter.[9]
- 1813 – Cunha's date for the word, from the dictionaries.[4]
- 1871–1874 – Vieira records the senses “challenge to a duel” and “stimulus”.[11]
- 1912 – Silva Bastos gives “challenge” and “temptation”.[13]
Meanings
Noun
- The act of provoking; provocation.[2][14][1]
- A challenge meant to force someone into a fight, quarrel or war; desafio, repto.[2][14]
- An insult, an affront: Não respondeu às provocações dos colegas.[2][14][15]
- Irreverent or cheeky behaviour; atrevimento, petulância.[2]
- Stimulation, incitement; tentação;[2][14][15] (informal) a person who seems to invite sexual advances.[2][14][15]
- (politics) The act of an agent provocateur.[2]
Related words
- provocar
- provocador
- provocante
- provocativo
- vocação
- Latin prōvocātiō
- Spanish provocación
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. provocação
- ^ Nascentes, Antenor (1966), Dicionário etimológico resumido, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, p. s.v. provocação
- ^ a b Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. provocar
- ^ a b Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. s.v. prōvocātiō
- ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. s.v. prōvocō
- ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill, p. s.v. vōx
- ^ Real Academia Española; Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española (2014–), Diccionario de la lengua española, 23rd ed., online version 23.8, https://dle.rae.es, p. s.v. provocación
- ^ a b CLUL (ed.) (2014), P.S. Post Scriptum: Arquivo Digital de Escrita Quotidiana em Portugal e Espanha na Época Moderna, Lisboa: Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, http://ps.clul.ul.pt, p. s.v. provocação
- ^ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. s.v. prōvocātiō
- ^ a b Vieira, Frei Domingos (1871–1874), Grande Diccionario Portuguez ou Thesouro da lingua portugueza, 5 vols., Porto: Ernesto Chardron e Bartholomeu H. de Moraes, p. 4, 1005
- ^ Aulete, Francisco Júlio Caldas, Dicionário contemporâneo da língua portuguesa (1st ed. 1881), online as Aulete Digital, Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, https://aulete.com.br, p. s.v. provocação
- ^ Silva Bastos, José Timóteo da (1912), Diccionario etymologico, prosodico e orthographico da lingua portugueza, Lisboa: Parceria António Maria Pereira, p. s.v. provocação
- ^ a b c d e Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. provocação
- ^ a b c Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, revised online edition (2023–) of the Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea (2001), https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt, p. s.v. provocação
Related etymologies
Cite this entry
“Provocação.” Etymologically, 15 Nov. 2026, etymologically.com/pt/provoca%C3%A7%C3%A3o. Accessed 16 Nov. 2026.
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