pinho

Forms

pinho m (plural pinhos)^[1] The cantigas d'amigo also have the archaic form pino.^[2]

Etymology

It is inherited from Latin pīnus (“pine; pine wood; ship”), written Old Galician-Portuguese pinho in the oldest texts.^[3][4][1][5] Houaiss notes that in Portuguese the word specialised as the name of the wood and of things made of it.^[3] Corominas observes that, unlike the other Romance languages, Portuguese names the tree pinheiro and keeps this word for the wood or a ship, while Galician has piñeiro.^[6] Wiktionary names pino as its doublet.^[1]

The same Latin word is Galician piño, Spanish pino, Catalan pi, French pin, Italian pino and Romanian pin.^[7][1]

The origin of the Latin word is disputed: it may share a base with Ancient Greek πίναξ (pínax, “board, plank”) or with πίτυς (pítus, “pine”), or be a non-Indo-European tree name.^[8][1]

Earliest recorded meaning

A cantiga d'escarnho by Afonso Lopez de Baian mocks a lança de pinh' e de bragal o pendon “a lance of pine and a pennon of coarse cloth”, with the word in the sense of the wood.^[9][2] The tree is named with the archaic form in D. Dinis's cantiga Ai flores, ai flores do verde pino “ah flowers, flowers of the green pine”.^[10][2]

Semantic evolution

Bluteau states that pinheiro is properly the tree and pinho the timber, and Morais adds the poetic sense “ship”, after the material.^[11][12] In Brazil the popular sense “guitar” arose because the instrument is made of pine, with the phrase chorar no pinho “to play the guitar”.^[5][13][14] In Bahia it is also the tree Schizolobium parahyba, and in Trás-os-Montes and the Azores, dry pine needles.^[3][15]

Timeline

• 13th century – first record, in a cantiga d'escarnho.^[3][4][9]
• 1569 – Cardoso renders pinho by Latin pinus.^[16]
• 1697 – Pereira refers pinho to pinheiro.^[17]
• 1789 – Morais defines it as the wood of the pine.^[12]

Meanings

Noun

1. pinewood, the wood of pine trees: uma mesa de pinho.^[3][13][14]
2. A pine tree (pinheiro).^[3][13][1]
3. (Brazil, informal) A guitar (violão) or the Brazilian viola.^[3][13][14]
4. (Bahia) The guapuruvu tree (Schizolobium parahyba).^[3][15]
5. (Trás-os-Montes, Azores) Dry pine needles, caruma.^[3][14]

Word family

• pinhal
• pinheiro
• pinheiral

Related words

• pinha
• pinhão
• pino
• pínus
• Latin pīnus

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g h Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c Universo Cantigas: Glosario da poesía medieval profana galego-portuguesa, A Coruña: Instituto da Lingua e Literatura (ILLA), Universidade da Coruña, https://www.universocantigas.gal, p. s.v. pinho
3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. pinho
4. ^ a b Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. pinho
5. ^ a b Nascentes, Antenor (1966), Dicionário etimológico resumido, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, p. s.v. pinho
6. ^ Corominas, Joan; Pascual, José A. (1980–1991), Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico, 6 vols., Madrid: Gredos, p. 4, 555
7. ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. 6519
8. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
9. ^ a b Instituto da Lingua Galega, Dicionario de dicionarios do galego medieval (DDGM), ed. Ernesto González Seoane, Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm, p. s.v. pez
10. ^ Lopes, Graça Videira; Ferreira, Manuel Pedro et al. (2011–), Cantigas Medievais Galego-Portuguesas [online database], Lisboa: Instituto de Estudos Medievais, FCSH/NOVA, https://cantigas.fcsh.unl.pt, p. s.v. pinho
11. ^ Bluteau, Raphael (1712–1728), Vocabulario portuguez e latino, 8 vols. + 2 supplement vols., Coimbra / Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. pinho
12. ^ a b Silva, António de Morais (1789), Diccionario da lingua portugueza composto pelo padre D. Rafael Bluteau, reformado, e accrescentado, 2 vols., Lisboa: Simão Thaddeo Ferreira, p. 2, 203
13. ^ a b c d Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. pinho
14. ^ a b c d Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, revised online edition (2023–) of the Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea (2001), https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt, p. s.v. pinho
15. ^ a b Navarro, Fred (2004), Dicionário do Nordeste, São Paulo: Estação Liberdade, p. s.v. pinho
16. ^ Cardoso, Jerónimo (1569–1570), Dictionarium ex lusitanico in latinum sermonem, Lisboa: João Álvares (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. pinho
17. ^ Pereira, Bento (1697), Thesouro da lingoa portuguesa, in the 1697 edition of his Prosodia (1st ed. 1647; CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. pinho