perigoso

Forms

perigoso (feminine perigosa, masculine plural perigosos, feminine plural perigosas, comparable, comparative mais perigoso, superlative o mais perigoso or perigosíssimo, metaphonic)^[1] Old Galician-Portuguese wrote perigoso and perigooso;^[2][3] Houaiss also records periigosa and peligroso in the 14th century and perijguoso and prijgossa in the 15th.^[2][3]

Etymology

It is inherited from Latin perīculōsus (“dangerous”), written Old Galician-Portuguese perigooso in the oldest texts.^[2][4][1] Wiktionary also allows a formation in Galician-Portuguese, from Old Galician-Portuguese perigoo + -oso, or a semi-learned borrowing of the Latin adjective.^[1] The Latin word is formed from perīculum (“trial, risk”) with the suffix -ōsus.^[5][1] The learned doublet periculoso is a later borrowing of the same word.^[1]

The same Latin adjective is Galician perigoso, Spanish peligroso, Catalan perillós, French périlleux and Italian pericoloso.^[6][1]

Earliest recorded meaning

The Cantigas de Santa Maria have mui perigosa and perigoosa several times: a man thrown na chama fort' e perigoosa “into the strong and dangerous flame”, a prijon perigoosa, a morte perigoosa, and an illness that was mui perigoosa.^[7][3] Cunha and Houaiss date the word to the 13th century.^[4][2]

Semantic evolution

The Crónica Troiana calls something maa et perigoosa “bad and dangerous” from beginning to end, and the chronicle of 1344 of aquelle logar tam periigoso “that so dangerous place”.^[3][7] Bluteau (1712–1728) defines the word as “risky, in which there is danger of a bad outcome”, and Morais (1813) adds “that puts others in danger, that one cannot deal with safely”.^[8][9] Modern dictionaries also record a legal sense, “showing a tendency to commit crime”, and in Portugal a figurative one, “turbulent, reckless” of a person.^[10][11] An older sense, “in danger of death”, is now labelled disused.^[12][13]

Timeline

• 13th century – first records, perigoso and perigoosa.^[2][4]
• 13th century, second half – perigoosa in the Cantigas de Santa Maria.^[3]
• 1344 – periigoso in the chronicle of 1344.^[7]
• 1518 – first record in the CTA corpus, in the Espelho de Cristina.^[14]
• 1569 – Cardoso glosses perigoso with the Latin periculosus.^[15]
• 1712–1728 – Bluteau defines the word as “risky”.^[8]

Meanings

Adjective

1. dangerous, risky: in which there is danger.^[2][10][1]
2. That causes or threatens danger or harm, of a thing or a person.^[2][10]
3. (law) Showing a tendency to commit crime.^[10]
4. (dated) In danger, especially of death.^[12][13]
5. (figurative) Of a person: reckless, of turbulent temper.^[11]

Word family

• perigosamente

Related words

• perigo
• perigar
• periculoso
• periculosidade
• Latin perīculōsus
• Galician perigoso
• Spanish peligroso

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. perigoso
3. ^ a b c d e Instituto da Lingua Galega, Dicionario de dicionarios do galego medieval (DDGM), ed. Ernesto González Seoane, Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm, p. s.v. perigooso
4. ^ a b c Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. perigo
5. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. s.v. perīculōsus
6. ^ García de Diego, Vicente (1985), Diccionario etimológico español e hispánico, 2nd ed., Madrid: Espasa-Calpe (1st ed. 1954), p. s.v. periculosus
7. ^ a b c Instituto da Lingua Galega, Dicionario de dicionarios do galego medieval (DDGM), ed. Ernesto González Seoane, Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm, p. s.v. perigoso
8. ^ a b Bluteau, Raphael (1712–1728), Vocabulario portuguez e latino, 8 vols. + 2 supplement vols., Coimbra / Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. perigoso
9. ^ Silva, António de Morais (1813), Diccionario da lingua portugueza, 2nd ed., 2 vols., Lisboa: Typographia Lacerdina, p. 2, 435
10. ^ a b c d Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. perigoso
11. ^ a b Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, Lisboa: Priberam Informática, https://dicionario.priberam.org, p. s.v. perigoso
12. ^ a b Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, revised online edition (2023–) of the Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea (2001), https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt, p. s.v. perigoso
13. ^ a b Michaelis: Moderno Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, São Paulo: Melhoramentos (online as Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa, https://michaelis.uol.com.br), p. s.v. perigoso
14. ^ Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, CTA – Corpus de Textos Antigos, https://teitok.clul.ul.pt/cta, p. s.v. perigoso
15. ^ Cardoso, Jerónimo (1569–1570), Dictionarium ex lusitanico in latinum sermonem, Lisboa: João Álvares (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. perigoso