Etymology and origin of the Portuguese word perda
- Confidence
- Established
- Formation
- Inherited
- First attested
- 1200s Cantigas de Santa Maria More words from the 13th century
- Inherited from
- Latin *perdita
- Ultimate origin
- Latin perdō
Pronunciation
Forms
perda f (plural perdas)[1] Houaiss records perdeda beside perda in the 13th century, and perqua in the 15th.[2] Carolina Michaëlis notes the popular perca, remade after merca.[3]
Etymology
It is inherited from Vulgar Latin *perdita, the feminine of perditus (“lost”) used as a noun, past participle of perdō (“to lose”), and was written Old Galician-Portuguese perda in the oldest texts.[2][1][4] Houaiss sets out the chain ⟨perdita⟩ > ⟨perdida⟩ > ⟨perdda⟩ > ⟨perda⟩.[2] Nascentes and Aurélio explain the short form by haplology from a semi-learned perdeda, and Nascentes notes that Adolfo Coelho had derived it from perder.[5][6][7]
The same Latin word is Spanish pérdida, French perte and Italian perdita.[2][6] The Latin verb is a compound of per- (“through”) and -dō (“to put”).[1]
Earliest recorded meaning
Lorenzo's first record is in the Cantigas de Santa Maria, sen perda fillar “without suffering loss”; a document of 1297 has the pair danos e perdas “damages and losses”.[3] The cantigas d'amigo have seer perda (to someone), “to cause someone loss”.[3]
Semantic evolution
The medieval word meant loss and damage, as in the Crónica Troiana sen moy gran perda et sen moy gran daño “without very great loss and very great harm”; a cantiga uses fazer-se perda do corpo for “to die”.[3][8] Barbosa (1611) has dar perda “to cause damage”, and Morais (1789) lists the loss of goods, health, time, the senses, a lawsuit, and of a person who dies.[9][10]
Modern Portuguese keeps these senses and adds technical ones: a fall in speed or height, a leak of a fluid, and in aviation a stall.[2][7][11] Perdas e danos “losses and damages” is a legal term, and sem perda de tempo means “at once”.[7][12]
Timeline
- 1200s – sen perda fillar in the Cantigas de Santa Maria; the variant perdeda in the same century.[3][2][13]
- 1297 – danos e perdas in a document.[3]
- 1400s – Houaiss records perqua.[2]
- 1491 – the Vida de Santo Elói uses perda.[14]
- 1569 – Cardoso glosses it with Latin iactura.[15]
- 1611 – Barbosa records dar perda “to cause damage”.[9]
- 1789 – Morais lists the loss of goods, time, a lawsuit and a person.[10]
Meanings
Noun
- loss; the act or fact of losing.[2][7][1]
- Deprivation of something one had: a perda do emprego.[2][7]
- The loss of a person through absence or death;[2][4][1] (euphemistic) death.[2][4][1]
- Damage, harm; ruin, destruction: a perda das colheitas.[2][16]
- A defeat; failure to win.[2][7]
- A fall or decrease: perda de peso.[2][7]
- A waste: perda de tempo.[17][4]
- A leak of a liquid or gas from a container.[11][17]
- (aviation) A stall.[2][7]
Related words
Usage notes
Em pura perda means “to no purpose, with the worst possible result”.[7]
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. perda
- ^ a b c d e f Instituto da Lingua Galega, Dicionario de dicionarios do galego medieval (DDGM), ed. Ernesto González Seoane, Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm, p. s.v. perda
- ^ a b c d Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, revised online edition (2023–) of the Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea (2001), https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt, p. s.v. perda
- ^ Nascentes, Antenor (1966), Dicionário etimológico resumido, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, p. s.v. perda
- ^ a b Nascentes, Antenor (1955), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, vol. 1: Nomes comuns, Rio de Janeiro (1st ed. 1932, preface by W. Meyer-Lübke), p. 391
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. perda
- ^ Universo Cantigas: Glosario da poesía medieval profana galego-portuguesa, A Coruña: Instituto da Lingua e Literatura (ILLA), Universidade da Coruña, https://www.universocantigas.gal, p. s.v. perda
- ^ a b Barbosa, Agostinho (1611), Dictionarium lusitanicolatinum, Braga: Fructuoso Lourenço de Basto (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. perda
- ^ a b Silva, António de Morais (1789), Diccionario da lingua portugueza composto pelo padre D. Rafael Bluteau, reformado, e accrescentado, 2 vols., Lisboa: Simão Thaddeo Ferreira, p. 2, 185
- ^ a b Porto Editora (2013), Grande Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, Porto: Porto Editora, p. 7072
- ^ Aulete, Francisco Júlio Caldas, Dicionário contemporâneo da língua portuguesa (1st ed. 1881), online as Aulete Digital, Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, https://aulete.com.br, p. s.v. perda
- ^ Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. perder
- ^ Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, CTA – Corpus de Textos Antigos, https://teitok.clul.ul.pt/cta, p. s.v. perda
- ^ Cardoso, Jerónimo (1569–1570), Dictionarium ex lusitanico in latinum sermonem, Lisboa: João Álvares (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. perda
- ^ Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, Lisboa: Priberam Informática, https://dicionario.priberam.org, p. s.v. perda
- ^ a b Michaelis: Moderno Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, São Paulo: Melhoramentos (online as Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa, https://michaelis.uol.com.br), p. s.v. perda
Related etymologies
Cite this entry
“Perda.” Etymologically, 15 Nov. 2026, etymologically.com/pt/perda. Accessed 16 Nov. 2026.
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