Etymologically

Etymology and origin of the Portuguese word nunca

Confidence
Established
Formation
Inherited
First attested
1200s More words from the 13th century
Inherited from
Latin numquam
Ultimate origin
Latin numquam
Etymology tree
inherited borrowed derived
Latin umquam
Aromanian ningã
French onc
French onques
Italian unqua
Romanian încă
Latin numquam
Portuguese nunca
Spanish nunca
From the same root
Latin nōnnumquam ← numquam

Pronunciation

  • Brazil: /ˈnũ.kɐ/[1]
  • Portugal: /ˈnũ.kɐ/[1]

Forms

nunca (not comparable)[1] Old Galician-Portuguese also wrote nuqua, nucas and, in the 14th century, nõca.[2] The cantigas have nunca beside nonca and nuncas.[3]

Etymology

It is inherited from Latin numquam (“never”), written Old Galician-Portuguese nunca in the oldest texts.[2][4][1] The Latin word, also spelt nunquam, is formed from the negative ne (“not”) and umquam (“at any time, ever”).[2][5]

The same Latin word is Galician nunca, Spanish nunca, Old Occitan nonca and Old French nonque.[6][7]

Earliest recorded meaning

Houaiss dates the word to the 13th century, from the slips of Cunha's index of medieval Portuguese.[2] In the Cancioneiro da Ajuda it already means “at no time, never”, often with a second negative in the clause, as in Vasco Praga de Sandin's Deus nunca me neun ben dê “may God never give me any good”; without a negative it can mean “at any time, ever”.[8]

Semantic evolution

The two old values, “never” and, in questions and conditions, “ever”, have both lasted: Caldas Aulete gives the second for questions, with examples from Castilho and an old chronicle, and Houaiss still lists it.[9][2] From the medieval language the word could also stand for a simple “not”, a use Houaiss, Aurélio and Priberam record today.[2][10][11] Set phrases strengthen it: nunca mais “never again”, nunca jamais and nunca por nunca “never at all”, and the dia de S. Nunca, a day that will never come.[2][12][13]

In north-eastern Brazil nunca can mean “not yet, so far not”.[14] The word passed into Kabuverdianu and Macanese as nunca.[1]

Timeline

  • 13th century – first records, spelt nunca, nucas and nuqua.[2]
  • 14th century – the spelling nõca.[2]
  • 1350 – nunca in the Trasladação de S. Nicolau, in a 14th-century witness.[15]
  • 1520 – a private letter writes nũca.[16]
  • 1697 – Pereira's Thesouro renders it with Latin nunquam.[17]
  • 1712–1728 – Bluteau describes it as an adverb said of past and future time.[18]
  • 1813 – Morais records nunca já “never ever”.[19]

Meanings

Adverb

  1. never, at no time: Nunca estive em Lisboa.[2][10][1]
  2. In no circumstances, by no means.[2][12]
  3. Simply not, as a stronger não.[2][11]
  4. (in questions) ever, at any time in the past: Quem nunca teve medo do escuro?[2][13]
  5. (north-eastern Brazil) Not yet.[14]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. nunca
  3. ^ Universo Cantigas: Glosario da poesía medieval profana galego-portuguesa, A Coruña: Instituto da Lingua e Literatura (ILLA), Universidade da Coruña, https://www.universocantigas.gal, p. s.v. nunca
  4. ^ Nascentes, Antenor (1966), Dicionário etimológico resumido, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, p. s.v. nunca
  5. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. s.v. numquam
  6. ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter
  7. ^ Estraviz, Isaac Alonso, Dicionário Estraviz, https://estraviz.org, p. s.v. nunca
  8. ^ Instituto da Lingua Galega, Dicionario de dicionarios do galego medieval (DDGM), ed. Ernesto González Seoane, Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm, p. s.v. nunca
  9. ^ Aulete, Francisco Júlio Caldas, Dicionário contemporâneo da língua portuguesa (1st ed. 1881), online as Aulete Digital, Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, https://aulete.com.br, p. s.v. nunca
  10. ^ a b Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. nunca
  11. ^ a b Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, Lisboa: Priberam Informática, https://dicionario.priberam.org, p. s.v. nunca
  12. ^ a b Porto Editora (2013), Grande Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, Porto: Porto Editora, p. 6583
  13. ^ a b Michaelis: Moderno Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, São Paulo: Melhoramentos (online as Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa, https://michaelis.uol.com.br), p. s.v. nunca
  14. ^ a b Navarro, Fred (2004), Dicionário do Nordeste, São Paulo: Estação Liberdade, p. s.v. nunca
  15. ^ Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, CTA – Corpus de Textos Antigos, https://teitok.clul.ul.pt/cta, p. s.v. nunca
  16. ^ CLUL (ed.) (2014), P.S. Post Scriptum: Arquivo Digital de Escrita Quotidiana em Portugal e Espanha na Época Moderna, Lisboa: Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, http://ps.clul.ul.pt, p. s.v. nunca
  17. ^ Pereira, Bento (1697), Thesouro da lingoa portuguesa, in the 1697 edition of his Prosodia (1st ed. 1647; CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. nunca
  18. ^ Bluteau, Raphael (1712–1728), Vocabulario portuguez e latino, 8 vols. + 2 supplement vols., Coimbra / Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. nunca
  19. ^ Silva, António de Morais (1813), Diccionario da lingua portugueza, 2nd ed., 2 vols., Lisboa: Typographia Lacerdina, p. 2, 351

Related etymologies

Cite this entry

“Nunca.” Etymologically, 15 Nov. 2026, etymologically.com/pt/nunca. Accessed 16 Nov. 2026.

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