Etymology and origin of the Portuguese word nunca
- Confidence
- Established
- Formation
- Inherited
- First attested
- 1200s More words from the 13th century
- Inherited from
- Latin numquam
- Ultimate origin
- Latin numquam
Etymology tree
From the same root
Forms
nunca (not comparable)[1] Old Galician-Portuguese also wrote nuqua, nucas and, in the 14th century, nõca.[2] The cantigas have nunca beside nonca and nuncas.[3]
Etymology
It is inherited from Latin numquam (“never”), written Old Galician-Portuguese nunca in the oldest texts.[2][4][1] The Latin word, also spelt nunquam, is formed from the negative ne (“not”) and umquam (“at any time, ever”).[2][5]
The same Latin word is Galician nunca, Spanish nunca, Old Occitan nonca and Old French nonque.[6][7]
Earliest recorded meaning
Houaiss dates the word to the 13th century, from the slips of Cunha's index of medieval Portuguese.[2] In the Cancioneiro da Ajuda it already means “at no time, never”, often with a second negative in the clause, as in Vasco Praga de Sandin's Deus nunca me neun ben dê “may God never give me any good”; without a negative it can mean “at any time, ever”.[8]
Semantic evolution
The two old values, “never” and, in questions and conditions, “ever”, have both lasted: Caldas Aulete gives the second for questions, with examples from Castilho and an old chronicle, and Houaiss still lists it.[9][2] From the medieval language the word could also stand for a simple “not”, a use Houaiss, Aurélio and Priberam record today.[2][10][11] Set phrases strengthen it: nunca mais “never again”, nunca jamais and nunca por nunca “never at all”, and the dia de S. Nunca, a day that will never come.[2][12][13]
In north-eastern Brazil nunca can mean “not yet, so far not”.[14] The word passed into Kabuverdianu and Macanese as nunca.[1]
Timeline
- 13th century – first records, spelt nunca, nucas and nuqua.[2]
- 14th century – the spelling nõca.[2]
- 1350 – nunca in the Trasladação de S. Nicolau, in a 14th-century witness.[15]
- 1520 – a private letter writes nũca.[16]
- 1697 – Pereira's Thesouro renders it with Latin nunquam.[17]
- 1712–1728 – Bluteau describes it as an adverb said of past and future time.[18]
- 1813 – Morais records nunca já “never ever”.[19]
Meanings
Adverb
- never, at no time: Nunca estive em Lisboa.[2][10][1]
- In no circumstances, by no means.[2][12]
- Simply not, as a stronger não.[2][11]
- (in questions) ever, at any time in the past: Quem nunca teve medo do escuro?[2][13]
- (north-eastern Brazil) Not yet.[14]
Related words
References
- ^ a b c d e f Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. nunca
- ^ Universo Cantigas: Glosario da poesía medieval profana galego-portuguesa, A Coruña: Instituto da Lingua e Literatura (ILLA), Universidade da Coruña, https://www.universocantigas.gal, p. s.v. nunca
- ^ Nascentes, Antenor (1966), Dicionário etimológico resumido, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, p. s.v. nunca
- ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. s.v. numquam
- ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter
- ^ Estraviz, Isaac Alonso, Dicionário Estraviz, https://estraviz.org, p. s.v. nunca
- ^ Instituto da Lingua Galega, Dicionario de dicionarios do galego medieval (DDGM), ed. Ernesto González Seoane, Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm, p. s.v. nunca
- ^ Aulete, Francisco Júlio Caldas, Dicionário contemporâneo da língua portuguesa (1st ed. 1881), online as Aulete Digital, Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, https://aulete.com.br, p. s.v. nunca
- ^ a b Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. nunca
- ^ a b Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, Lisboa: Priberam Informática, https://dicionario.priberam.org, p. s.v. nunca
- ^ a b Porto Editora (2013), Grande Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, Porto: Porto Editora, p. 6583
- ^ a b Michaelis: Moderno Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, São Paulo: Melhoramentos (online as Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa, https://michaelis.uol.com.br), p. s.v. nunca
- ^ a b Navarro, Fred (2004), Dicionário do Nordeste, São Paulo: Estação Liberdade, p. s.v. nunca
- ^ Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, CTA – Corpus de Textos Antigos, https://teitok.clul.ul.pt/cta, p. s.v. nunca
- ^ CLUL (ed.) (2014), P.S. Post Scriptum: Arquivo Digital de Escrita Quotidiana em Portugal e Espanha na Época Moderna, Lisboa: Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, http://ps.clul.ul.pt, p. s.v. nunca
- ^ Pereira, Bento (1697), Thesouro da lingoa portuguesa, in the 1697 edition of his Prosodia (1st ed. 1647; CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. nunca
- ^ Bluteau, Raphael (1712–1728), Vocabulario portuguez e latino, 8 vols. + 2 supplement vols., Coimbra / Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. nunca
- ^ Silva, António de Morais (1813), Diccionario da lingua portugueza, 2nd ed., 2 vols., Lisboa: Typographia Lacerdina, p. 2, 351
Related etymologies
Cite this entry
“Nunca.” Etymologically, 15 Nov. 2026, etymologically.com/pt/nunca. Accessed 16 Nov. 2026.
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