Etymology and origin of the Portuguese word não
- Confidence
- Established
- Formation
- Inherited
- First attested
- 1113 a Romance clause in a document, spelt non More words from the 12th century
- Inherited from
- Latin non
- Ultimate origin
- Latin nōn
Etymology tree
Derivations
From the same root
Forms
Adverb and interjection; as a noun, masculine, plural nãos.[2][1] Old Galician-Portuguese wrote non (1113, 1214), no and nõ (13th century) and nã (14th century); the 15th century has não and naõ, and nam is recorded about 1499.[3][4] The prose texts of the 14th century use both non and nom.[5][6] Wiktionary also lists num and the abbreviations n and ñ.[1]
Etymology
It is inherited from Latin nōn (“not”), written Old Galician-Portuguese non in the oldest texts.[3][7][1][4] The same Latin word is Galician non, Spanish no, Catalan no, French non, Italian non and Romanian nu.[8][1]
The Latin word probably comes from Latin noenum, its Old Latin form, from Proto-Indo-European *né (“not”) and the neuter of Proto-Indo-European *óynos (“one”), so “not one (thing)”;[9][1][10] Wiktionary also mentions a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *nó-h₁ ne (“not at all”).[9][1][10]
Nascentes describes the Portuguese word as coming down through that form, Old Galician-Portuguese nom and Old Galician-Portuguese nam, which merged in the 16th century.[7] Houaiss notes that the spelling became uniform only from the 16th century, and that there are good reasons to think a stressed form, used on its own, long coexisted with an unstressed one placed before verbs and nouns.[3] The unstressed form survives in the dialects, from the old /nõ/ and /nã/ to a proclitic /nu/.[3] Colloquial speech still has /nũ/ beside the stressed /ˈnɐ̃w̃/.[1]
Earliest recorded meaning
Lorenzo's chronology finds the word in 1113, in a Romance clause of a document: et por seruitjo que uos debia ad fazer et non no podo fazer “and for the service that I owed you and could not do it”.[4] Houaiss takes his first date, 1113, from the same record.[3] In the Cantigas de Santa Maria it is already both the negation of the verb and the answer “no”: Diss'el: Non “he said: no”.[4]
Semantic evolution
The word has kept the uses of Latin nōn: it negates a verb, answers a question, and stands before a noun or adjective.[3][11] Medieval poetry also used it to strengthen the second term of a comparison, as in mais val esto que diz ca non al “what he says is worth more than anything else”, a use lost since.[4] Barbosa (1611) renders it with Latin non, minime and haud and gives não somente “not only”.[12] As a noun, um não is a refusal.[13][14]
In the 20th century, especially after the Second World War, não became a prefix of new words such as não agressão and não violência, modelled on French non-, English non- and German Nicht-.[13] The Macanese creole has nâm.[1]
Timeline
- 1113 – non in a Romance clause of a document.[4][3]
- 1214 – non in a document.[3][4]
- 13th century – the forms no and nõ; the Cantigas de Santa Maria write non.[3][4]
- 14th century – the form nã; the Trasladação de S. Nicolau has non and nom.[3][5][6]
- 1438 – nam in the Vida de Tarsis.[15]
- 15th century – the spellings não and naõ.[3]
- c. 1499 – nam.[3]
- 1500 – nõ in a private letter.[16]
- 16th century – the forms merge and the spelling becomes uniform.[7][3]
- 1611 – Barbosa's dictionary heads the word Não.[12]
- 20th century – não is used as a prefix (não violência).[13]
Meanings
Adverb
- not: negates the verb or the clause: Ela não veio ontem.[3][11][1]
- Used with negative pronouns and adverbs after the verb, in a double negative: Não encontrei ninguém.[1]
- no: as an answer, denying or refusing: — Queres mais café? — Não.[3][11][1]
- Before a noun or adjective, usually hyphenated before the 1990 spelling reform: non-, expressing absence or lack: não fumador.[13][11][14][1]
- At the start of a question that expects the answer yes: Não te disse que chovia?[17][11][1]
- At the end of a statement, as a tag asking for agreement: “right?”: É bonito, não?[11][1]
- (Brazil, colloquial) Repeated after the verb to reinforce the negation: Não sei não.[17][1]
- Without negative meaning, as an expletive particle in exclamations: O que não faria ele por ela![13][2]
Interjection
Noun
Word family
Related words
Usage notes
Common phrases include a não ser que “unless”, quando não “otherwise”, pelo sim, pelo não “just in case”, and pois não, in Brazil a polite “certainly, of course” in answer to a request.[13][14][1] Priberam warns against confusing the word with nau “ship”.[2]
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
- ^ a b c Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, Lisboa: Priberam Informática, https://dicionario.priberam.org, p. s.v. não
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. não
- ^ a b c d e f g h Instituto da Lingua Galega, Dicionario de dicionarios do galego medieval (DDGM), ed. Ernesto González Seoane, Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm, p. s.v. non
- ^ a b Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, CTA – Corpus de Textos Antigos, https://teitok.clul.ul.pt/cta, p. s.v. non
- ^ a b Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, CTA – Corpus de Textos Antigos, https://teitok.clul.ul.pt/cta, p. s.v. nom
- ^ a b c Nascentes, Antenor (1966), Dicionário etimológico resumido, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, p. s.v. não
- ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter
- ^ a b Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
- ^ a b Rey, Alain, ed. (1992), Dictionnaire historique de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert, p. s.v. non
- ^ a b c d e f g Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, revised online edition (2023–) of the Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea (2001), https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt, p. s.v. não
- ^ a b Barbosa, Agostinho (1611), Dictionarium lusitanicolatinum, Braga: Fructuoso Lourenço de Basto (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. não
- ^ a b c d e f g h Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. não
- ^ a b c d Porto Editora (2013), Grande Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, Porto: Porto Editora, p. 6422
- ^ Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, CTA – Corpus de Textos Antigos, https://teitok.clul.ul.pt/cta, p. s.v. nam
- ^ CLUL (ed.) (2014), P.S. Post Scriptum: Arquivo Digital de Escrita Quotidiana em Portugal e Espanha na Época Moderna, Lisboa: Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, http://ps.clul.ul.pt, p. s.v. não
- ^ a b Aulete, Francisco Júlio Caldas, Dicionário contemporâneo da língua portuguesa (1st ed. 1881), online as Aulete Digital, Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, https://aulete.com.br, p. s.v. não
- ^ Michaelis: Moderno Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, São Paulo: Melhoramentos (online as Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa, https://michaelis.uol.com.br), p. s.v. não
Related etymologies
Cite this entry
“Não.” Etymologically, 15 Nov. 2026, etymologically.com/pt/n%C3%A3o. Accessed 16 Nov. 2026.
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