Etymologically

Etymology and origin of the Portuguese word não

Confidence
Established
Formation
Inherited
First attested
1113 a Romance clause in a document, spelt non More words from the 12th century
Inherited from
Latin non
Ultimate origin
Latin nōn
Etymology tree
inherited borrowed derived
Latin nē
Italian nessuno
Latin noenum
Latin nōn
Aromanian nu
Catalan no
French ne
French non
Italian no
Italian non
Portuguese não
Romanian nu
Spanish no
Derivations
From the same root
Latin nēcubī̆ ← nē
Latin nedum ← nē
Latin nēquam ← nē
Latin nēquāquam ← nē
Latin nēquīquam ← nē
Latin nesapius ← nē
Latin quīn ← nē
Latin nōndum ← nōn
Latin nōnne ← nōn
Latin nōnnumquam ← nōn
French sinon ← non
Italian nonostante ← non
Romanian numai ← nu

Pronunciation

  • Brazil: /ˈnɐ̃w̃/, [ˈnɐ̃ʊ̯̃][1]
  • Portugal: /ˈnɐ̃w̃/[1]
  • Colloquial: /nũ/[1]

Forms

Adverb and interjection; as a noun, masculine, plural nãos.[2][1] Old Galician-Portuguese wrote non (1113, 1214), no and nõ (13th century) and nã (14th century); the 15th century has não and naõ, and nam is recorded about 1499.[3][4] The prose texts of the 14th century use both non and nom.[5][6] Wiktionary also lists num and the abbreviations n and ñ.[1]

Etymology

It is inherited from Latin nōn (“not”), written Old Galician-Portuguese non in the oldest texts.[3][7][1][4] The same Latin word is Galician non, Spanish no, Catalan no, French non, Italian non and Romanian nu.[8][1]

The Latin word probably comes from Latin noenum, its Old Latin form, from Proto-Indo-European *né (“not”) and the neuter of Proto-Indo-European *óynos (“one”), so “not one (thing)”;[9][1][10] Wiktionary also mentions a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *nó-h₁ ne (“not at all”).[9][1][10]

Nascentes describes the Portuguese word as coming down through that form, Old Galician-Portuguese nom and Old Galician-Portuguese nam, which merged in the 16th century.[7] Houaiss notes that the spelling became uniform only from the 16th century, and that there are good reasons to think a stressed form, used on its own, long coexisted with an unstressed one placed before verbs and nouns.[3] The unstressed form survives in the dialects, from the old /nõ/ and /nã/ to a proclitic /nu/.[3] Colloquial speech still has /nũ/ beside the stressed /ˈnɐ̃w̃/.[1]

Earliest recorded meaning

Lorenzo's chronology finds the word in 1113, in a Romance clause of a document: et por seruitjo que uos debia ad fazer et non no podo fazer “and for the service that I owed you and could not do it”.[4] Houaiss takes his first date, 1113, from the same record.[3] In the Cantigas de Santa Maria it is already both the negation of the verb and the answer “no”: Diss'el: Non “he said: no”.[4]

Semantic evolution

The word has kept the uses of Latin nōn: it negates a verb, answers a question, and stands before a noun or adjective.[3][11] Medieval poetry also used it to strengthen the second term of a comparison, as in mais val esto que diz ca non al “what he says is worth more than anything else”, a use lost since.[4] Barbosa (1611) renders it with Latin non, minime and haud and gives não somente “not only”.[12] As a noun, um não is a refusal.[13][14]

In the 20th century, especially after the Second World War, não became a prefix of new words such as não agressão and não violência, modelled on French non-, English non- and German Nicht-.[13] The Macanese creole has nâm.[1]

Timeline

  • 1113 – non in a Romance clause of a document.[4][3]
  • 1214 – non in a document.[3][4]
  • 13th century – the forms no and nõ; the Cantigas de Santa Maria write non.[3][4]
  • 14th century – the form nã; the Trasladação de S. Nicolau has non and nom.[3][5][6]
  • 1438 – nam in the Vida de Tarsis.[15]
  • 15th century – the spellings não and naõ.[3]
  • c. 1499 – nam.[3]
  • 1500 – nõ in a private letter.[16]
  • 16th century – the forms merge and the spelling becomes uniform.[7][3]
  • 1611 – Barbosa's dictionary heads the word Não.[12]
  • 20th century – não is used as a prefix (não violência).[13]

Meanings

Adverb

  1. not: negates the verb or the clause: Ela não veio ontem.[3][11][1]
  2. Used with negative pronouns and adverbs after the verb, in a double negative: Não encontrei ninguém.[1]
  3. no: as an answer, denying or refusing: — Queres mais café? — Não.[3][11][1]
  4. Before a noun or adjective, usually hyphenated before the 1990 spelling reform: non-, expressing absence or lack: não fumador.[13][11][14][1]
  5. At the start of a question that expects the answer yes: Não te disse que chovia?[17][11][1]
  6. At the end of a statement, as a tag asking for agreement: “right?”: É bonito, não?[11][1]
  7. (Brazil, colloquial) Repeated after the verb to reinforce the negation: Não sei não.[17][1]
  8. Without negative meaning, as an expletive particle in exclamations: O que não faria ele por ela![13][2]

Interjection

  1. Expressing refusal, disbelief or impatience.[13][18]

Noun

  1. (masculine) A refusal (recusa), a negative answer: levar um não “to be refused”.[13][11][14]

Word family

  • Latin nōn
  • Galician non
  • Spanish no

Usage notes

Common phrases include a não ser que “unless”, quando não “otherwise”, pelo sim, pelo não “just in case”, and pois não, in Brazil a polite “certainly, of course” in answer to a request.[13][14][1] Priberam warns against confusing the word with nau “ship”.[2]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, Lisboa: Priberam Informática, https://dicionario.priberam.org, p. s.v. não
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. não
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Instituto da Lingua Galega, Dicionario de dicionarios do galego medieval (DDGM), ed. Ernesto González Seoane, Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm, p. s.v. non
  5. ^ a b Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, CTA – Corpus de Textos Antigos, https://teitok.clul.ul.pt/cta, p. s.v. non
  6. ^ a b Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, CTA – Corpus de Textos Antigos, https://teitok.clul.ul.pt/cta, p. s.v. nom
  7. ^ a b c Nascentes, Antenor (1966), Dicionário etimológico resumido, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, p. s.v. não
  8. ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter
  9. ^ a b Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  10. ^ a b Rey, Alain, ed. (1992), Dictionnaire historique de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert, p. s.v. non
  11. ^ a b c d e f g Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, revised online edition (2023–) of the Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea (2001), https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt, p. s.v. não
  12. ^ a b Barbosa, Agostinho (1611), Dictionarium lusitanicolatinum, Braga: Fructuoso Lourenço de Basto (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. não
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. não
  14. ^ a b c d Porto Editora (2013), Grande Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, Porto: Porto Editora, p. 6422
  15. ^ Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, CTA – Corpus de Textos Antigos, https://teitok.clul.ul.pt/cta, p. s.v. nam
  16. ^ CLUL (ed.) (2014), P.S. Post Scriptum: Arquivo Digital de Escrita Quotidiana em Portugal e Espanha na Época Moderna, Lisboa: Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, http://ps.clul.ul.pt, p. s.v. não
  17. ^ a b Aulete, Francisco Júlio Caldas, Dicionário contemporâneo da língua portuguesa (1st ed. 1881), online as Aulete Digital, Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, https://aulete.com.br, p. s.v. não
  18. ^ Michaelis: Moderno Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, São Paulo: Melhoramentos (online as Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa, https://michaelis.uol.com.br), p. s.v. não

Related etymologies

Cite this entry

“Não.” Etymologically, 15 Nov. 2026, etymologically.com/pt/n%C3%A3o. Accessed 16 Nov. 2026.

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