lidar

Forms

lidar (first-person singular present lido, first-person singular preterite lidei, past participle lidado)^[1] Houaiss records lidando in the 13th century and lidar and llidar in the 14th;^[2][3] Cunha has the variant lidear in the 13th century.^[2][3]

Etymology

It is probably inherited from Latin lītigō (“to quarrel, go to law”), written Old Galician-Portuguese lidar and Old Galician-Portuguese lidear in the oldest texts.^[1][3][4][5] Houaiss calls the origin disputed.^[2] Nascentes takes the verb from Latin, through an archaic Old Galician-Portuguese lidiar.^[2][4] Cunha and Machado instead see a formation from Portuguese lide + -ar, from the noun meaning “toil; fight; lawsuit”.^[2][3]

The Latin verb gave Spanish lidiar and Galician lidar, the old popular counterparts of the learned litigar.^[6][7][8][1] Italian litigare (“to quarrel”) continues the same Latin word.^[1]

The Latin verb is formed from līs (“lawsuit, dispute”) (stem ⟨līt-⟩) with the suffix -igō, and meant “to go to law, dispute”; in Medieval Latin it could also mean “to fight”.^[9][1][10]

Earliest recorded meaning

The verb is recorded from the 13th century in the sense “to fight, do battle”.^[2][3] The Cantigas de Santa Maria praise the Virgin who is always fighting for us (sempr'estás lidando / por nos), and the Crónica Troiana tells how the Greeks would not let Achilles fight with Hector (que achiles lidasse con eytor).^[11] The cantigas d'amigo and d'escarnho use it in the same sense.^[11][12]

Semantic evolution

In the medieval language the verb meant to fight in battle or in a duel, and to fight a challenger.^[11][13] The first dictionaries gloss it with Latin words for going to law: Cardoso (1569) with litigo and certo, Barbosa (1611) with litigar, ou andar em demandas.^[14][15] Pereira (1697) adds Latin laboro “to toil”, and Bluteau defines it as “to work, to be very busy”, with the phrase ter que lidar com alguém “to have to deal with someone”.^[16][17]

Houaiss dates the sense “to have dealings with, handle” to 1716, and Cunha the sense “to be in contact with” to the 19th century.^[2][3] Morais (1813) already marks “to fight in a duel or battle” as old-fashioned, and records lidar com a morte “to struggle with death”.^[18] Today “to deal with, cope with” is the commonest sense, beside “to toil” and the bullfighting sense “to fight a bull”.^[1][19][2] Regional surveys in Portugal record lidar simply as “to work”.^[20]

Timeline

• 13th century – the Cantigas de Santa Maria have lidando “fighting”;^[11][3] Cunha dates the verb and lidador “fighter” to the same century.^[11][3]
• c. 1430 – the Horto do Esposo (copied 1390–1437) uses the verb.^[21]
• 1569 – Cardoso glosses it with Latin litigo.^[14]
• 1611 – Barbosa: “to litigate, to go to law”.^[15]
• 1697 – Pereira adds Latin laboro “to toil”.^[16]
• 1716 – Houaiss's first date for the sense “to have dealings with”.^[2]
• 1813 – Morais marks the sense “to fight in a duel” as old-fashioned;^[18][3] Cunha dates the noun lida “toil” to the same year.^[18][3]
• 19th century – Cunha's first date for the sense “to be in contact with”.^[3]

Meanings

Verb

1. (with com) To deal with, handle or cope with a person, situation or problem: Aprendeu a lidar com a pressão do trabalho.^{[2][19][22][1]}
2. (with com) To have dealings with, live among; to work habitually with a tool, material or sums of money.^[2][5]
3. To toil, work hard: Lidou a vida inteira no campo.^[2][23][24]
4. (transitive) To go through, endure (toil, hardship).^[2][25]
5. To fight in a battle or duel; to give battle to.^[2][5][1]
6. (with com) To struggle morally against faults or passions.^[2][25]
7. (bullfighting) To fight a bull (touro) in the arena; to tourear.^[2][5][1]

Word family

• lida
• lidador

Related words

• lide
• litigar
• litígio
• Spanish lidiar

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. lidar
3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. lide
4. ^ a b Nascentes, Antenor (1966), Dicionário etimológico resumido, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, p. s.v. lidar
5. ^ a b c d Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, revised online edition (2023–) of the Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea (2001), https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt, p. s.v. lidar
6. ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. 5086
7. ^ García de Diego, Vicente (1985), Diccionario etimológico español e hispánico, 2nd ed., Madrid: Espasa-Calpe (1st ed. 1954), p. s.v. litigare
8. ^ Real Academia Española; Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española (2014–), Diccionario de la lengua española, 23rd ed., online version 23.8, https://dle.rae.es, p. s.v. lidiar
9. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. s.v. lītigō
10. ^ Niermeyer, J. F. (1976), Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon Minus, Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. litigare
11. ^ a b c d e Instituto da Lingua Galega, Dicionario de dicionarios do galego medieval (DDGM), ed. Ernesto González Seoane, Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm, p. s.v. lidar
12. ^ Lopes, Graça Videira; Ferreira, Manuel Pedro et al. (2011–), Cantigas Medievais Galego-Portuguesas [online database], Lisboa: Instituto de Estudos Medievais, FCSH/NOVA, https://cantigas.fcsh.unl.pt, p. s.v. lidar
13. ^ Vieira, Frei Domingos (1871–1874), Grande Diccionario Portuguez ou Thesouro da lingua portugueza, 5 vols., Porto: Ernesto Chardron e Bartholomeu H. de Moraes, p. 3, 1312
14. ^ a b Cardoso, Jerónimo (1569–1570), Dictionarium ex lusitanico in latinum sermonem, Lisboa: João Álvares (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. lidar
15. ^ a b Barbosa, Agostinho (1611), Dictionarium lusitanicolatinum, Braga: Fructuoso Lourenço de Basto (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. lidar
16. ^ a b Pereira, Bento (1697), Thesouro da lingoa portuguesa, in the 1697 edition of his Prosodia (1st ed. 1647; CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. lidar
17. ^ Bluteau, Raphael (1712–1728), Vocabulario portuguez e latino, 8 vols. + 2 supplement vols., Coimbra / Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. lidar
18. ^ a b c Silva, António de Morais (1813), Diccionario da lingua portugueza, 2nd ed., 2 vols., Lisboa: Typographia Lacerdina, p. 2, 223
19. ^ a b Aulete, Francisco Júlio Caldas, Dicionário contemporâneo da língua portuguesa (1st ed. 1881), online as Aulete Digital, Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, https://aulete.com.br, p. s.v. lidar
20. ^ Instituto da Lingua Galega, Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (TLPGP), Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/tesouro, p. s.v. lidar
21. ^ Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, CTA – Corpus de Textos Antigos, https://teitok.clul.ul.pt/cta, p. s.v. lidar
22. ^ Michaelis: Moderno Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, São Paulo: Melhoramentos (online as Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa, https://michaelis.uol.com.br), p. s.v. lidar
23. ^ Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, Lisboa: Priberam Informática, https://dicionario.priberam.org, p. s.v. lidar
24. ^ Porto Editora (2013), Grande Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, Porto: Porto Editora, p. 5680
25. ^ a b Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. lidar