inchar

Forms

inchar (first-person singular present incho, first-person singular preterite inchei, past participle inchado)^[1] The Cantigas de Santa Maria write inchar and ynchar, and also have a form enchar.^[2]

Etymology

It is inherited from Latin īnflō (“to blow into, inflate”), written Old Galician-Portuguese inchar and Old Galician-Portuguese ynchar in the oldest texts.^[3][4][1][5] The Latin verb is formed from in- and flō (“to blow”).^[6][1] Williams places it with the words in which Latin -mpl- became -nch-, such as ancho from amplus and encher from impleō: the group -nfl- gave -nch- in this verb.^[7] The learned inflar is its doublet.^[3][1]

The same Latin verb is Galician inchar, Spanish hinchar, Catalan inflar, Occitan enflar, French enfler, Italian enfiare and Romanian umfla.^[8][1] In Spanish it is first recorded in Berceo, as the participle Old Spanish inchado, and Juan Ruiz writes finchado.^[9]

Earliest recorded meaning

The Cantigas de Santa Maria use the verb for a swelling of the body: inchou-ll'a garganta, assi que perdeu a fala “his throat swelled, so that he lost his speech”, and another miracle tells of a man who atan ferament' inchou “swelled so terribly”.^[2]

Semantic evolution

The medieval verb was intransitive;^[10][11] Barbosa (1611) already gives both “to swell, be swollen” and “to make swell”, and Pereira (1697) refers one of his entries to encher “to fill”.^[10][11] Bluteau illustrates food that bloats the stomach.^[12] Morais (1789) records the senses “to fill out” (of sails, enfunar) and, figuratively, “to grow proud”.^[13] Vieira adds rivers swollen by rain and the voice made stronger.^[14] Camões has the wind Das naus as velas côncavas inchando “filling out the hollow sails of the ships”.^[15]

In Rio Grande do Sul the verb is also said of a fruit that is nearly ripe, and inchar o lombo means “to become furious”.^[16] It passed into the creoles as Kabuverdianu intcha and Guinea-Bissau Creole intca.^[1]

Timeline

• 13th century – the Cantigas de Santa Maria have inchou and ynchou.^[2][3]
• 1611 – Barbosa renders inchar with Latin tumeo and inflo.^[10]
• 1697 – Pereira lists inchar, ou incharse.^[11]
• 1712–1728 – Bluteau defines it as giving a body greater bulk.^[12]
• 1789 – Morais records the figurative sense “to grow proud”.^[13]
• 1871–1874 – Vieira derives the verb from Latin inflare.^[14]

Meanings

Verb

1. To swell, to make or become larger in volume or intensity; to dilate, to fill.^[3][15][1]
2. To make or become tumid or swollen, as a tumour or a limb with oedema.^[3][1]
3. To fill out, to belly, as a sail in the wind; to enfunar.^[3][15]
4. (figurative) To grow stronger or more intense, as a feeling.^[3]
5. (figurative) To fill or be filled with pride or vanity; to envaidecer.^[3][17]
6. (figurative) To make a style or phrase pompous or bombastic.^[3][15]

Word family

• inchaço
• inchação
• inchado
• inchamento
• desinchar

Related words

• inflar
• Latin īnflō
• Galician inchar
• Spanish hinchar

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c Instituto da Lingua Galega, Dicionario de dicionarios do galego medieval (DDGM), ed. Ernesto González Seoane, Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm, p. s.v. inchar
3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. inchar
4. ^ Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. inchar
5. ^ Nascentes, Antenor (1966), Dicionário etimológico resumido, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, p. s.v. inchar
6. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. s.v. inflo
7. ^ Williams, Edwin B. (1938), From Latin to Portuguese: Historical Phonology and Morphology of the Portuguese Language, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, p. § 95.5A
8. ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. 4406
9. ^ Corominas, Joan; Pascual, José A. (1980–1991), Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico, 6 vols., Madrid: Gredos, p. 3, 365
10. ^ a b c Barbosa, Agostinho (1611), Dictionarium lusitanicolatinum, Braga: Fructuoso Lourenço de Basto (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. inchar
11. ^ a b c Pereira, Bento (1697), Thesouro da lingoa portuguesa, in the 1697 edition of his Prosodia (1st ed. 1647; CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. inchar
12. ^ a b Bluteau, Raphael (1712–1728), Vocabulario portuguez e latino, 8 vols. + 2 supplement vols., Coimbra / Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. inchar
13. ^ a b Silva, António de Morais (1789), Diccionario da lingua portugueza composto pelo padre D. Rafael Bluteau, reformado, e accrescentado, 2 vols., Lisboa: Simão Thaddeo Ferreira, p. 1, 704
14. ^ a b Vieira, Frei Domingos (1871–1874), Grande Diccionario Portuguez ou Thesouro da lingua portugueza, 5 vols., Porto: Ernesto Chardron e Bartholomeu H. de Moraes, p. 3, 1062
15. ^ a b c d Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. inchar
16. ^ Schlee, Aldyr Garcia (2019), Dicionário da Cultura Pampeana Sul-Rio-Grandense, 2 vols., Pelotas: Fructos do Paiz, p. s.v. inchar
17. ^ Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, Lisboa: Priberam Informática, https://dicionario.priberam.org, p. s.v. inchar