crivar

Forms

crivar (first-person singular present crivo, first-person singular preterite crivei, past participle crivado)^[1] Houaiss records criuar in the 14th century and crivar in the 15th.^[2]

Etymology

It is inherited from Latin cribrō (“to sift”), written Old Galician-Portuguese criuar in the oldest texts.^[2][3][4] Wiktionary, Aurélio and Michaelis derive it from the dissimilated form *cribō, with the second /r/ lost.^[1][5][6] Nascentes too explains the loss of that /r/ by dissimilation, and the /v/ as the voicing of /b/.^[4] The DLP, Priberam and Porto Editora treat it instead as formed from Portuguese crivo (“sieve”) + -ar.^[7][8][9]

The same Latin verb is Spanish cribar, Galician cribar and Italian cribrare.^[10][1] García de Diego lists the Portuguese verb beside the Spanish one.^[11] The verb French cribler comes from another dissimilated form, crīblō.^[1]

The Latin verb is formed from crībrum (“sieve”).^[12] De Vaan traces that noun to *krei-dhro- (“sieve”), with cognates in Old Irish críathar and Old English hrīdder.^[13]

Earliest recorded meaning

Houaiss and Cunha date the verb to the 14th century, in the spelling criuar; the noun crivo “sieve” is of the same century.^[2][3]

Semantic evolution

Pereira (1697) and Bluteau (1712) give only the sense “to pass through a sieve”, and Feijó (1734) explains it as passing wheat through the sieve, with the variant acrivar.^[14][15][16] Folqman (1755) adds “to riddle with holes”, and Morais (1789) “to make small holes”.^[17][18] Vieira (1873) has crivaram-no de balas “they riddled him with bullets”.^[19] Figueiredo (1899) adds “to cover with spots, to stud”.^[20] Today the verb also means to shower someone with something, as with questions or insults.^[2][21]

Timeline

• 1300s – first record, spelt criuar.^[2]
• 1400s – the spelling crivar.^[2]
• 1697 – Pereira renders it with Latin cribo.^[14]
• 1755 – Folqman records the sense “to make many holes in”.^[17]
• 1873 – Vieira quotes crivaram-no de balas.^[19]

Meanings

Verb

1. To pass through a crivo; to sift, joeirar: crivar a areia.^[2][5][1]
2. To pierce in many places; to riddle: Os soldados crivaram a porta de balas.^[2][6]
3. (figurative) To cover with spots; to stud.^[2][5]
4. (figurative) To shower with something in great quantity: crivar alguém de perguntas.^[2][21]

Related words

• crivo
• Latin cribrum
• Spanish cribar

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. crivar
3. ^ a b Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. crivo
4. ^ a b Nascentes, Antenor (1966), Dicionário etimológico resumido, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, p. s.v. crivar
5. ^ a b c Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. crivar
6. ^ a b Michaelis: Moderno Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, São Paulo: Melhoramentos (online as Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa, https://michaelis.uol.com.br), p. s.v. crivar
7. ^ Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, revised online edition (2023–) of the Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea (2001), https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt, p. s.v. crivar
8. ^ Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, Lisboa: Priberam Informática, https://dicionario.priberam.org, p. s.v. crivar
9. ^ Porto Editora (2013), Grande Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, Porto: Porto Editora, p. 2589
10. ^ Real Academia Española; Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española (2014–), Diccionario de la lengua española, 23rd ed., online version 23.8, https://dle.rae.es, p. s.v. cribar
11. ^ García de Diego, Vicente (1985), Diccionario etimológico español e hispánico, 2nd ed., Madrid: Espasa-Calpe (1st ed. 1954), p. s.v. cribrare
12. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. s.v. cribro
13. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
14. ^ a b Pereira, Bento (1697), Thesouro da lingoa portuguesa, in the 1697 edition of his Prosodia (1st ed. 1647; CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. crivar
15. ^ Bluteau, Raphael (1712–1728), Vocabulario portuguez e latino, 8 vols. + 2 supplement vols., Coimbra / Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. crivar
16. ^ Feijó, João de Morais Madureira (1734), Orthographia, ou Arte de escrever, e pronunciar com acerto a lingua portugueza, Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. crivar
17. ^ a b Folqman, Carlos (1755), Diccionario portuguez, e latino, Lisboa: Régia Officina Silviana (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. crivar
18. ^ Silva, António de Morais (1789), Diccionario da lingua portugueza composto pelo padre D. Rafael Bluteau, reformado, e accrescentado, 2 vols., Lisboa: Simão Thaddeo Ferreira, p. 1, 349
19. ^ a b Vieira, Frei Domingos (1871–1874), Grande Diccionario Portuguez ou Thesouro da lingua portugueza, 5 vols., Porto: Ernesto Chardron e Bartholomeu H. de Moraes, p. 2, 643
20. ^ Figueiredo, Cândido de (1899), Novo diccionário da língua portuguesa, 1st ed., 2 vols., Lisboa: Tavares Cardoso & Irmão, p. s.v. crivar
21. ^ a b Aulete, Francisco Júlio Caldas, Dicionário contemporâneo da língua portuguesa (1st ed. 1881), online as Aulete Digital, Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, https://aulete.com.br, p. s.v. crivar