Etymologically

Etymology and origin of the Portuguese word coragem

Confidence
Probable
Formation
Borrowing
First attested
1300s More words from the 14th century
Borrowed from
Old French corage
Ultimate origin
Latin cor

Pronunciation

  • Brazil: /koˈɾa.ʒẽj̃/, [koˈɾa.ʒẽɪ̯̃][1]
  • Portugal: /kuˈɾa.ʒɐ̃j̃/[1]

Forms

coragem f (plural coragens)[1] The Horto do Esposo writes coragẽ.[2] Bluteau (1712–1728) heads the word Coragem, Corágem or Coraje, and Vieira notes an old Portuguese corage.[3][4]

Etymology

It is borrowed from Old French corage (“heart; courage”), as Aurélio, Michaelis, Nascentes and DELPo give it.[5][6][7][8] Houaiss, Cunha and the DLP name modern French courage, and Wiktionary also allows a borrowing from Old Occitan coratge.[9][10][11][1] The French word first meant “heart” (1050) and then, about 1100, the noble disposition of the heart, bravery and steadfastness.[9]

The French noun is formed from cœur (“heart”) with the suffix -age, going back to Latin cor (“heart”).[9][1] Nascentes's fuller dictionary and Vieira reconstruct a Latin derivative of the type of Vulgar Latin *corāticum, as in viāticum beside viagem, which also gave Spanish coraje, Catalan coratge and Italian coraggio.[12][4][1] Vieira explains the final ⟨m⟩ by the analogy of the other words in -agem.[4]

Earliest recorded meaning

Cunha dates the first record to the 14th century;[2] Houaiss gives 1563.[10][9] The Horto do Esposo, in a copy of 1390–1437, has the form coragẽ.[2] Bluteau quotes Lemos's Cercos de Malaca: Folgou muyto de os ver taõ cheos de Coragem “he was very glad to see them so full of courage”.[3]

Semantic evolution

Pereira's dictionary of 1697 glosses coragem with Latin severitas, stomachus and ira, words for sternness and anger, while Bluteau and Morais define it as spirit and valour.[13][3][14] Vieira describes it as the firmness to bear or face danger and suffering.[4] Silva Bastos and Figueiredo record a slang sense “money”.[15][16]

Modern dictionaries add moral courage before an emotional ordeal, perseverance, patience, and the disparaging sense of nerve or impudence;[5][11] Coragem! is also said to give someone heart.[9][5][11] The word passed into Guinea-Bissau Creole as korajen and into Macanese as corázi.[1]

Timeline

  • 14th century – first record, according to Cunha.[10]
  • c. 1430 – the Horto do Esposo (witness 1390–1437) writes coragẽ.[2]
  • 1563 – Houaiss's first date.[9]
  • 1697 – Pereira glosses it with Latin ira “anger”.[13]
  • 1712–1728 – Bluteau gives the spellings Corágem and Coraje.[3]
  • 1899 – Figueiredo records the slang sense “money”.[16]

Meanings

Noun

  1. courage, bravery (bravura) in the face of danger; boldness.[9][5][1]
  2. Strength of mind to face a hard emotional or moral situation: precisou de coragem para dar a notícia.[9][11]
  3. Greatness of soul; the integrity to do what is right, such as owning a mistake.[9]
  4. perseverance, steadiness and zeal in a task.[9][5]
  5. Patience to bear a long effort.[9]
  6. (derogatory) Nerve, impudence: ainda teve a coragem de negar.[9][1]

Interjection

  1. Said to give someone heart: take courage![9][5][11]

Word family

  • corajoso
  • encorajar
  • desencorajar

Usage notes

Priberam and Michaelis also record a separate noun coragem, with an open first vowel, “the act of colouring; the bleaching of linen”, formed from corar with the suffix -agem.[17][6]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, CTA – Corpus de Textos Antigos, https://teitok.clul.ul.pt/cta, p. s.v. coragem
  3. ^ a b c d Bluteau, Raphael (1712–1728), Vocabulario portuguez e latino, 8 vols. + 2 supplement vols., Coimbra / Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. coragem
  4. ^ a b c d Vieira, Frei Domingos (1871–1874), Grande Diccionario Portuguez ou Thesouro da lingua portugueza, 5 vols., Porto: Ernesto Chardron e Bartholomeu H. de Moraes, p. 2, 512
  5. ^ a b c d e f Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. coragem
  6. ^ a b Michaelis: Moderno Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, São Paulo: Melhoramentos (online as Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa, https://michaelis.uol.com.br), p. s.v. coragem
  7. ^ Nascentes, Antenor (1966), Dicionário etimológico resumido, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, p. s.v. coragem
  8. ^ NEHiLP – Núcleo de Apoio à Pesquisa em Etimologia e História da Língua Portuguesa, Universidade de São Paulo, DELPo: Dicionário Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa (online database), p. s.v. coragem
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. coragem
  10. ^ a b c Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. coragem
  11. ^ a b c d e Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, revised online edition (2023–) of the Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea (2001), https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt, p. s.v. coragem
  12. ^ Nascentes, Antenor (1955), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, vol. 1: Nomes comuns, Rio de Janeiro (1st ed. 1932, preface by W. Meyer-Lübke), p. s.v. coragem
  13. ^ a b Pereira, Bento (1697), Thesouro da lingoa portuguesa, in the 1697 edition of his Prosodia (1st ed. 1647; CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. coragem
  14. ^ Silva, António de Morais (1813), Diccionario da lingua portugueza, 2nd ed., 2 vols., Lisboa: Typographia Lacerdina, p. 1, 470
  15. ^ Silva Bastos, José Timóteo da (1912), Diccionario etymologico, prosodico e orthographico da lingua portugueza, Lisboa: Parceria António Maria Pereira, p. s.v. coragem
  16. ^ a b Figueiredo, Cândido de (1899), Novo diccionário da língua portuguesa, 1st ed., 2 vols., Lisboa: Tavares Cardoso & Irmão, p. 346
  17. ^ Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, Lisboa: Priberam Informática, https://dicionario.priberam.org, p. s.v. coragem

Related etymologies

Cite this entry

“Coragem.” Etymologically, 15 Nov. 2026, etymologically.com/pt/coragem. Accessed 16 Nov. 2026.

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