Etymology and origin of the Portuguese word coragem
- Confidence
- Probable
- Formation
- Borrowing
- First attested
- 1300s More words from the 14th century
- Borrowed from
- Old French corage
- Ultimate origin
- Latin cor
Forms
coragem f (plural coragens)[1] The Horto do Esposo writes coragẽ.[2] Bluteau (1712–1728) heads the word Coragem, Corágem or Coraje, and Vieira notes an old Portuguese corage.[3][4]
Etymology
It is borrowed from Old French corage (“heart; courage”), as Aurélio, Michaelis, Nascentes and DELPo give it.[5][6][7][8] Houaiss, Cunha and the DLP name modern French courage, and Wiktionary also allows a borrowing from Old Occitan coratge.[9][10][11][1] The French word first meant “heart” (1050) and then, about 1100, the noble disposition of the heart, bravery and steadfastness.[9]
The French noun is formed from cœur (“heart”) with the suffix -age, going back to Latin cor (“heart”).[9][1] Nascentes's fuller dictionary and Vieira reconstruct a Latin derivative of the type of Vulgar Latin *corāticum, as in viāticum beside viagem, which also gave Spanish coraje, Catalan coratge and Italian coraggio.[12][4][1] Vieira explains the final ⟨m⟩ by the analogy of the other words in -agem.[4]
Earliest recorded meaning
Cunha dates the first record to the 14th century;[2] Houaiss gives 1563.[10][9] The Horto do Esposo, in a copy of 1390–1437, has the form coragẽ.[2] Bluteau quotes Lemos's Cercos de Malaca: Folgou muyto de os ver taõ cheos de Coragem “he was very glad to see them so full of courage”.[3]
Semantic evolution
Pereira's dictionary of 1697 glosses coragem with Latin severitas, stomachus and ira, words for sternness and anger, while Bluteau and Morais define it as spirit and valour.[13][3][14] Vieira describes it as the firmness to bear or face danger and suffering.[4] Silva Bastos and Figueiredo record a slang sense “money”.[15][16]
Modern dictionaries add moral courage before an emotional ordeal, perseverance, patience, and the disparaging sense of nerve or impudence;[5][11] Coragem! is also said to give someone heart.[9][5][11] The word passed into Guinea-Bissau Creole as korajen and into Macanese as corázi.[1]
Timeline
- 14th century – first record, according to Cunha.[10]
- c. 1430 – the Horto do Esposo (witness 1390–1437) writes coragẽ.[2]
- 1563 – Houaiss's first date.[9]
- 1697 – Pereira glosses it with Latin ira “anger”.[13]
- 1712–1728 – Bluteau gives the spellings Corágem and Coraje.[3]
- 1899 – Figueiredo records the slang sense “money”.[16]
Meanings
Noun
- courage, bravery (bravura) in the face of danger; boldness.[9][5][1]
- Strength of mind to face a hard emotional or moral situation: precisou de coragem para dar a notícia.[9][11]
- Greatness of soul; the integrity to do what is right, such as owning a mistake.[9]
- perseverance, steadiness and zeal in a task.[9][5]
- Patience to bear a long effort.[9]
- (derogatory) Nerve, impudence: ainda teve a coragem de negar.[9][1]
Interjection
Word family
- corajoso
- encorajar
- desencorajar
Related words
Usage notes
Priberam and Michaelis also record a separate noun coragem, with an open first vowel, “the act of colouring; the bleaching of linen”, formed from corar with the suffix -agem.[17][6]
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
- ^ a b c d Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, CTA – Corpus de Textos Antigos, https://teitok.clul.ul.pt/cta, p. s.v. coragem
- ^ a b c d Bluteau, Raphael (1712–1728), Vocabulario portuguez e latino, 8 vols. + 2 supplement vols., Coimbra / Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. coragem
- ^ a b c d Vieira, Frei Domingos (1871–1874), Grande Diccionario Portuguez ou Thesouro da lingua portugueza, 5 vols., Porto: Ernesto Chardron e Bartholomeu H. de Moraes, p. 2, 512
- ^ a b c d e f Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. coragem
- ^ a b Michaelis: Moderno Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, São Paulo: Melhoramentos (online as Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa, https://michaelis.uol.com.br), p. s.v. coragem
- ^ Nascentes, Antenor (1966), Dicionário etimológico resumido, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, p. s.v. coragem
- ^ NEHiLP – Núcleo de Apoio à Pesquisa em Etimologia e História da Língua Portuguesa, Universidade de São Paulo, DELPo: Dicionário Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa (online database), p. s.v. coragem
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. coragem
- ^ a b c Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. coragem
- ^ a b c d e Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, revised online edition (2023–) of the Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea (2001), https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt, p. s.v. coragem
- ^ Nascentes, Antenor (1955), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, vol. 1: Nomes comuns, Rio de Janeiro (1st ed. 1932, preface by W. Meyer-Lübke), p. s.v. coragem
- ^ a b Pereira, Bento (1697), Thesouro da lingoa portuguesa, in the 1697 edition of his Prosodia (1st ed. 1647; CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. coragem
- ^ Silva, António de Morais (1813), Diccionario da lingua portugueza, 2nd ed., 2 vols., Lisboa: Typographia Lacerdina, p. 1, 470
- ^ Silva Bastos, José Timóteo da (1912), Diccionario etymologico, prosodico e orthographico da lingua portugueza, Lisboa: Parceria António Maria Pereira, p. s.v. coragem
- ^ a b Figueiredo, Cândido de (1899), Novo diccionário da língua portuguesa, 1st ed., 2 vols., Lisboa: Tavares Cardoso & Irmão, p. 346
- ^ Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, Lisboa: Priberam Informática, https://dicionario.priberam.org, p. s.v. coragem
Related etymologies
Cite this entry
“Coragem.” Etymologically, 15 Nov. 2026, etymologically.com/pt/coragem. Accessed 16 Nov. 2026.
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