Etymologically

Etymology and origin of the Portuguese word cidade

Confidence
Established
Formation
Inherited
First attested
1200s Cantigas de Santa Maria More words from the 13th century
Inherited from
Latin civitas
Ultimate origin
Latin cīvis
Etymology tree
inherited borrowed derived
Latin cīvis
Latin cīvitās
Catalan ciutat
French cité
Italian città
Portuguese cidade
Romanian cetate
Spanish ciudad
Derivations
From the same root
Latin cīvicus ← cīvis
Latin cīvīlis ← cīvis
French citoyen ← cīvitās
Latin cīvitātula ← cīvitās
Romanian cetățean ← cetate
Spanish ciudadano ← ciudad

Pronunciation

  • Brazil: /siˈda.d͡ʒi/[1]
  • Portugal: /siˈda.dɨ/, [siˈða.ðɨ][1]
  • Portugal, Southern: /siˈda.dɨ/[1]

Forms

cidade f (plural cidades)[1] Old Galician-Portuguese wrote cidade and çibdade (both in the Cantigas de Santa Maria), and also cibidade, cividade, çiobdade, çiudade and çidade.[2][3] Nascentes notes that the archaic cividade is still used in archaeology.[4]

Etymology

It is inherited from Latin cīvitās (“citizenship; the citizens; state; city”), written Old Galician-Portuguese cidade in the oldest texts.[3][5][1] Nascentes supposes an intermediate stage like çibdade and Old Spanish cibdad between the Latin accusative cīvitātem and the Portuguese word.[4]

The Latin word meant first “citizenship” and “the body of citizens, the state”; in classical Latin it was rarely used for “city”, but in Late Latin it took the place of urbs.[3][6][7] In Medieval Latin it was also an administrative district and a diocese.[8] It is formed from cīvis (“citizen”) with the suffix -tās.[1][9]

The same Latin word is Galician cidade, Spanish ciudad, Catalan ciutat, French cité, Italian città and Romanian cetate (“fortress”).[10][1]

Earliest recorded meaning

The Cantigas de Santa Maria use the word for great walled cities: entrou na cidade de Roma “he entered the city of Rome”, na cidade toledãa “in the city of Toledo”, na çibdade de Sevilla.[2]

Semantic evolution

In the first centuries of the Portuguese monarchy the documents gave the name cidade also to a council or district whose head was a castled town, such as the Cidade de Santa Maria, today Feira, as Viterbo shows from charters of 1095 to 1170.[11] Morais (1813) defines it as a settlement ranked above the vilas, and notes that the name had once been given to towns and councils.[12] A town could be raised to a city by a royal grant of foros de cidade, and the phrase came to mean acceptance in polite society.[13]

In Brazil every seat of a município is a city, whatever its size, and cidade is also the great nest of the leaf-cutter ants, recorded by Figueiredo in 1899.[14][15][16] Set names include Cidade Eterna for Rome, Cidade Invicta for Porto and Cidade Luz for Paris.[17]

Timeline

  • 13th century – cidade and çibdade in the Cantigas de Santa Maria.[2][3]
  • 13th century – first record of cidadão.[5]
  • 14th century – the forms çiobdade and çiudade.[3]
  • c. 1400 – cidade in the Compostela fragment of the Flos Sanctorum (copied 1380–1425).[18]
  • 1569 – Cardoso translates it as civitas and urbs.[19]
  • 1650 – first record of cidadela, from Italian.[5]
  • 1798 – Viterbo explains the medieval use for councils.[11]
  • 1813 – Morais: a settlement ranked above the towns.[12]
  • 1899 – Figueiredo records the Brazilian sense “nest of leaf-cutter ants”.[16]

Meanings

Noun

  1. A city or large town, whose people live mainly by trade, industry, services and culture rather than farming.[3][14][20][1]
  2. A settlement with the legal rank of city, above a vila.[21][20]
  3. (Brazil) The seat of a município, whatever its size.[14][15]
  4. The inhabitants of a city as a whole.[3][13]
  5. The centre of a city, where the main shops and offices are.[14][15]
  6. City life, as opposed to the country.[21][17][1]
  7. (history) A self-governing city-state of antiquity.[20]
  8. (Brazil) A large nest of leaf-cutter ants (saúvas), divided into chambers.[21][15]

Word family

  • cidadão
  • cidadania
  • concidadão
  • cidadezinha
  • cidade-dormitório
  • cidade-estado
  • cidade-fantasma
  • cidade-jardim
  • cidade-satélite

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c Instituto da Lingua Galega, Dicionario de dicionarios do galego medieval (DDGM), ed. Ernesto González Seoane, Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm, p. s.v. cidade
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. cidade
  4. ^ a b Nascentes, Antenor (1955), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, vol. 1: Nomes comuns, Rio de Janeiro (1st ed. 1932, preface by W. Meyer-Lübke), p. 117
  5. ^ a b c Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. cidade
  6. ^ Corominas, Joan; Pascual, José A. (1980–1991), Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico, 6 vols., Madrid: Gredos, p. 2, 93
  7. ^ Rey, Alain, ed. (1992), Dictionnaire historique de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert, p. s.v. cité
  8. ^ Niermeyer, J. F. (1976), Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon Minus, Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. civitas
  9. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. s.v. civitas
  10. ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. 1959
  11. ^ a b Viterbo, Joaquim de Santa Rosa de (1798–1799), Elucidario das palavras, termos e frases que em Portugal antiguamente se usárão, 2 vols., Lisboa: Simão Thaddeo Ferreira, p. 1, 276
  12. ^ a b Silva, António de Morais (1813), Diccionario da lingua portugueza, 2nd ed., 2 vols., Lisboa: Typographia Lacerdina, p. 1, 395
  13. ^ a b Aulete, Francisco Júlio Caldas, Dicionário contemporâneo da língua portuguesa (1st ed. 1881), online as Aulete Digital, Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, https://aulete.com.br, p. s.v. cidade
  14. ^ a b c d Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. cidade
  15. ^ a b c d Michaelis: Moderno Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, São Paulo: Melhoramentos (online as Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa, https://michaelis.uol.com.br), p. s.v. cidade
  16. ^ a b Figueiredo, Cândido de (1899), Novo diccionário da língua portuguesa, 1st ed., 2 vols., Lisboa: Tavares Cardoso & Irmão, p. 298
  17. ^ a b Porto Editora (2013), Grande Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, Porto: Porto Editora, p. 2077
  18. ^ Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, CTA – Corpus de Textos Antigos, https://teitok.clul.ul.pt/cta, p. s.v. cidade
  19. ^ Cardoso, Jerónimo (1569–1570), Dictionarium ex lusitanico in latinum sermonem, Lisboa: João Álvares (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. cidade
  20. ^ a b c Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, revised online edition (2023–) of the Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea (2001), https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt, p. s.v. cidade
  21. ^ a b c Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, Lisboa: Priberam Informática, https://dicionario.priberam.org, p. s.v. cidade

Related etymologies

Cite this entry

“Cidade.” Etymologically, 15 Nov. 2026, etymologically.com/pt/cidade. Accessed 16 Nov. 2026.

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