Etymologically

Etymology and origin of the Catalan word ciutat

Confidence
Established
Formation
Inherited
First attested
c. 1200 the Homilies d'Organyà More words from the 12th century
Inherited from
Latin civitas via Old Catalan
Ultimate origin
Latin cīvis
Etymology tree
inherited borrowed derived
Latin cīvis
Latin cīvitās
Catalan ciutat
French cité
Italian città
Romanian cetate
Spanish ciudad
From the same root
Latin cīvicus ← cīvis
Latin cīvīlis ← cīvis
French citoyen ← cīvitās
Latin cīvitātula ← cīvitās
Romanian cetățean ← cetate
Spanish ciudadano ← ciudad

Pronunciation

  • Balearic, Central, Northern, Northwestern, Valencia: [siwˈtat][1]

Forms

ciutat f (plural ciutats)[1]

Etymology

It is inherited from Old Catalan ciutat, which is inherited from Latin cīvitās (“the citizens of a state or city; citizenship”), a derivative of cīvis (“citizen”).[2][3][4][5][1]

The same Latin word is Old Occitan ciutat, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, French cité and Italian città.[6][7] The sense “city” is already found, rarely, in Tacitus and other authors of the Silver Age, and it replaced urbs in all the Romance languages.[8]

The base noun continues *keiwi- (“society”), from *ḱei-uo- (“friendly, intimate, dear”).[9]

Earliest recorded meaning

The Homilies d'Organyà, about 1200, tell how the Lord said Nós entrarem en la ciutad de Jherusalem “We shall enter the city of Jerusalem”, and how the devil carried him en la ciutad senta de Jherusalem.[2] Here the word already has its modern sense, a large town.[2][4]

Semantic evolution

In the Middle Ages a ciutat was a town of the first rank, distinguished from the vila, the castle and the farmstead, as Llull's usage shows.[10] For Eiximenis Christians call ciutat only a place that has its own bishop.[2] In a raised style the word kept the Greco-Latin sense of a state or political community, as in the Ciutat de Déu of Saint Augustine.[2]

The phrases without the article, viure a ciutat, sortir de ciutat, are still more usual than with it; in the 13th century the preposition was en rather than a.[2] In Mallorca Ciutat is the name of Palma.[3] Labèrnia's dictionary of 1839 gives the large town with more privileges than a vila, the town council and the citizens.[11]

The derivative ciutadà is of the 13th century, in Jaume I, Llull and the Costums de Tortosa;[2] ciutadania is of about 1400, ciutadanatge of 1462 and conciutadà of 1479.[2] Ciutadella as a common noun is old, but the Barcelona citadel built by Philip V took the form ciutadela, adapted from Spanish and French.[2]

Timeline

  • c. 1200 – la ciutad de Jherusalem in the Homilies d'Organyà.[2][4][5]
  • 13th century – ciutadà in Jaume I and Llull.[2]
  • first half of the 13th century – CICA's first records of the word.[12]
  • c. 1400 – first record of ciutadania.[2][4]
  • 1479 – first record of conciutadà.[2]
  • 1839 – Labèrnia's definitions.[11]
  • 1932 – Fabra: a large town, in contrast with villages and the countryside.[13]

Meanings

Noun

  1. A city, a large town with a higher rank than a vila: Girona és una ciutat antiga.[14][5][1]
  2. A large town as opposed to villages and the countryside;[14][3] a ciutat: in or to town: Dissabte baixarem a ciutat.[14][3]
  3. (collective) The inhabitants of a city.[15]
  4. (history, administrative law) A title granted to some towns.[5]
  5. In compounds: ciutat dormitori, a mainly residential town;[14] ciutat jardí, a district of detached houses with gardens;[14] ciutat satèl·lit, a town dependent on a larger one.[14]
  6. (Mallorca) Ciutat: Palma, the capital of the island.[3]

Word family

  • ciutadà
  • ciutadania
  • ciutadanatge
  • conciutadà
  • ciutadejar
  • ciutadella
  • aciutadanar-se

References

  1. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Coromines, Joan (1980–2001), Diccionari etimològic i complementari de la llengua catalana, 10 vols., Barcelona: Curial / La Caixa (online ed., Institut d'Estudis Catalans 2024), p. 2, 719
  3. ^ a b c d e Alcover, Antoni M.; Moll, Francesc de B. (1930–1962), Diccionari català-valencià-balear, 10 vols., Palma de Mallorca: Moll, p. s.v. ciutat
  4. ^ a b c d Bruguera, Jordi (1996), Diccionari etimològic, Barcelona: Enciclopèdia Catalana, p. 212
  5. ^ a b c d Enciclopèdia Catalana, Gran diccionari de la llengua catalana (GDLC), Barcelona: Enciclopèdia Catalana; online edition, https://www.diccionari.cat, p. s.v. ciutat
  6. ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. 1959
  7. ^ Alibert, Louis (1966), Dictionnaire occitan-français selon les parlers languedociens, Toulouse: Institut d'Études Occitanes, p. s.v. ciutat
  8. ^ Corominas, Joan; Pascual, José A. (1980–1991), Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico, 6 vols., Madrid: Gredos, p. 2, 93
  9. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  10. ^ Nou glossari general lul·lià (NGGL), Centre de Documentació Ramon Llull, Universitat de Barcelona, https://nggl.ub.edu, p. s.v. ciutat
  11. ^ a b Labèrnia, Pere (1839–1840), Diccionari de la llengua catalana ab la correspondencia castellana y llatina, 2 vols., Barcelona, p. s.v. ciutat
  12. ^ Torruella, Joan; Pérez Saldanya, Manuel; Martines, Josep (dirs.), Corpus Informatitzat del Català Antic (CICA), https://www.cica.cat, p. s.v. ciutat
  13. ^ Fabra, Pompeu (1932), Diccionari general de la llengua catalana, Barcelona: Llibreria Catalònia, p. s.v. ciutat
  14. ^ a b c d e f Institut d'Estudis Catalans (2007), Diccionari de la llengua catalana, 2nd ed. (DIEC2), Barcelona: Edicions 62; online edition with later updates, https://dlc.iec.cat, p. s.v. ciutat
  15. ^ Institut d'Estudis Catalans, Diccionari essencial de la llengua catalana (DEIEC), online, https://deiec.iec.cat, p. s.v. ciutat

Related etymologies

Cite this entry

“Ciutat.” Etymologically, 13 Nov. 2026, etymologically.com/ca/ciutat. Accessed 14 Nov. 2026.

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