carvoeiro

Forms

carvoeiro m (plural carvoeiros)^[1] Old Galician-Portuguese wrote carboeyro and caruoeyro.^[2][3]

Etymology

It is inherited from Latin carbōnārius (“charcoal burner”), written Old Galician-Portuguese carboeyro and Old Galician-Portuguese caruoeyro in the oldest texts.^[2][4][3][1] Vieira derived the word from the old form Old Galician-Portuguese carvom of carvão with the suffix -eiro, which is also its surface analysis.^[5][1]

The same Latin word is Spanish carbonero, Catalan carboner, French charbonnier, Italian carbonaio and Romanian cărbunar.^[6][1] The Galician form is carvoeiro.^[7] The Latin noun is formed from carbō (“charcoal”) with the suffix -ārius.^[8][1] De Vaan doubts the usual comparisons of the Latin word with words outside Italic.^[9]

Earliest recorded meaning

Houaiss's earliest date, 897, is for caruonario, a place name in a Latin charter.^[2][3] The first Galician-Portuguese record is a charter of 1270, which has aa fonte de carboeyro.^[3] A cantiga of Alfonso X names people who are “farmers and charcoal burners” (de lauradores e de caruoeyros).^[3][10]

Semantic evolution

Bluteau (1712) defines the man who makes or sells charcoal and quotes two proverbs: como saco de carvoeiro, mao de fóra, peor de dentro “like a charcoal burner's sack, bad outside, worse inside”, and negro he o carvoeiro, branco he o seu dinheiro “the charcoal burner is black, his money is white”.^[11] The old Caldas Aulete adds the adjective “of charcoal, coal-black, carrying coal”, as in barcos carvoeiros, and two Brazilian trees used for charcoal.^[12] The DLP has a ship built to carry coal, a place where coal is stored and, in Portugal, a bird of the thrush family;^[13][1] Wiktionary identifies the bird as the black redstart.^[13][1]

Timeline

• 897 – caruonario, a place name in a Latin charter.^[2][3]
• 1270 – aa fonte de carboeyro in a Galician charter.^[3]
• 13th century – caruoeyro in a cantiga of Alfonso X.^[2][3]
• 1697 – Pereira's dictionary lists Carvoeiro with Latin carbonarius.^[14]
• 1712 – Bluteau records two proverbs about the charcoal burner.^[11]
• 1813 – Cunha's date for the word;^[4][15] Morais's second edition defines it as one who makes or sells charcoal.^[4][15]

Meanings

Noun

1. A collier, charcoal burner: someone who makes, carries or sells charcoal.^[2][13][1]
2. A place where coal or charcoal is stored; carvoaria.^[2][13]
3. (nautical) A ship built to carry coal.^[13][16]
4. (Brazil, botany) Any of several small trees used for timber, firewood and charcoal, such as Faramea campanularis and Miconia trianaei.^[2][17][1]
5. (Portugal) The black redstart.^[13][1]

Adjective

1. Relating to coal; carrying coal: um navio carvoeiro.^[13][16][1]
2. Coal-black.^[13][16]

Related words

• carvão
• Latin carbō
• Spanish carbonero

Usage notes

Maré do carvoeiro means a good opportunity.^[18][19] Houaiss also lists carvoeiro as a shortening of navio-carvoeiro “collier ship”.^[2]

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. carvoeiro
3. ^ a b c d e f g h Instituto da Lingua Galega, Dicionario de dicionarios do galego medieval (DDGM), ed. Ernesto González Seoane, Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm, p. s.v. carboeyro
4. ^ a b c Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. carvoeiro
5. ^ Vieira, Frei Domingos (1871–1874), Grande Diccionario Portuguez ou Thesouro da lingua portugueza, 5 vols., Porto: Ernesto Chardron e Bartholomeu H. de Moraes, p. 2, 128
6. ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. 1676
7. ^ García de Diego, Vicente (1985), Diccionario etimológico español e hispánico, 2nd ed., Madrid: Espasa-Calpe (1st ed. 1954), p. s.v. carbonarius
8. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. s.v. carbōnārius
9. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
10. ^ Universo Cantigas: Glosario da poesía medieval profana galego-portuguesa, A Coruña: Instituto da Lingua e Literatura (ILLA), Universidade da Coruña, https://www.universocantigas.gal, p. s.v. carvoeiro
11. ^ a b Bluteau, Raphael (1712–1728), Vocabulario portuguez e latino, 8 vols. + 2 supplement vols., Coimbra / Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. carvoeiro
12. ^ Aulete, Francisco Júlio Caldas, Dicionário contemporâneo da língua portuguesa (1st ed. 1881), online as Aulete Digital, Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, https://aulete.com.br, p. s.v. carvoeiro
13. ^ a b c d e f g h Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, revised online edition (2023–) of the Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea (2001), https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt, p. s.v. carvoeiro
14. ^ Pereira, Bento (1697), Thesouro da lingoa portuguesa, in the 1697 edition of his Prosodia (1st ed. 1647; CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. carvoeiro
15. ^ a b Silva, António de Morais (1813), Diccionario da lingua portugueza, 2nd ed., 2 vols., Lisboa: Typographia Lacerdina, p. 1, 355
16. ^ a b c Michaelis: Moderno Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, São Paulo: Melhoramentos (online as Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa, https://michaelis.uol.com.br), p. s.v. carvoeiro
17. ^ Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. carvoeiro
18. ^ Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, Lisboa: Priberam Informática, https://dicionario.priberam.org, p. s.v. carvoeiro
19. ^ Porto Editora (2013), Grande Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, Porto: Porto Editora, p. 1855