Latin words first recorded in the 3rd century BC

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek τραγικοκωμῳδία (tragikokōmōidía), with haplology; by surface analysis, tragicus “tragic” and cōmoedia “comedy”.

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek τραγικός (tragikós, “of tragedy”), from τράγος (trágos, “male goat”), perhaps referring to the goat-satyrs of the plays.

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *traχe/o-, but its further origin is unclear. De Vaan finds the closest cognates in meaning in Celtic, such as Old Irish tráig (“ebb, beach”), from a sense “to pull…

It is from Latin tranquillus (“calm, still”) + -tās.

It is usually explained as from Latin trāns and a form *kʷīlno- “quiet”, from the root of quiēs, Proto-Indo-European *kʷih₁- (“to be quiet”), with the vowel quantity shifted. De Vaan finds this…

It is from Latin trāns- (“through”) + agō (“to drive, do”). Varro perhaps has ⟨trās-⟩.

It is from Latin trāns- (“across”) + mittō (“to send”). It is also spelled ⟨trāmittō⟩.

It is from Latin trepidus (“alarmed, anxious”) + -ō.

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *triþu- (“tripartite unit”), probably Proto-Indo-European *tri-dʰh₁-u- (“a division into three”), from the root of trēs “three” and *dʰeh₁- “to put”. Cognate with…

Its origin is uncertain. De Vaan mentions a possible comparison with Tocharian B traiksa (“missed”), and, if “trifles” is the oldest sense, an original meaning “crumbs”, like nūgae from “nuts”, from…

It is from Latin trēs (“three”) + -plex (“-fold”).

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *triplos, from the root of trēs “three” and the suffix -plus “-fold”. The OLD compares Ancient Greek τριπλόος (triplóos, “threefold”).

Its origin is unclear. De Vaan, following Hamp's view that *dr- became /tr-/ in Latin, connects it with Proto-Celtic *drukos (“bad”), as in Welsh drwg (“bad”) and Old Irish droch- (“bad”), which the…

Its origin is uncertain. De Vaan notes that its meaning and form recall tībia “reed pipe; shinbone”, which may be cognate with Ancient Greek σίφων (síphōn, “tube”) and point to a borrowing from a…

The origin is uncertain. De Vaan reconstructs Proto-Italic *-tow-ē- (“to protect”), perhaps from a causative Proto-Indo-European *touh₂-eie-, and thinks the first meaning was “to watch over…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *tum-ē-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *tum-eh₁- (“to be swelling”), a stative verb from *tum- (“to swell”). tumulus “mound” and tumor “swelling” come from it…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *(s)tund-e/o- (“to thrust”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tu-n-d- (“to thrust”), a present with a nasal infix from the root *(s)tewd-. Cognate with Old…

It is probably borrowed from Ancient Greek τύρβη (túrbē, “noise, commotion”), adapted. The link with Sanskrit त्वरते (tvarate, “hurries”) and Proto-Indo-European *tuer- held by Pokorny and Meiser is…

It is from Latin turba (“turmoil, crowd”) + -idus.

1. The verb is from Latin turba (“turmoil, crowd”). 2. The noun is from Latin turba (“turmoil”). Isidore defines it as the whirling of winds, named from the earth (⟨terra⟩) that the wind sweeps round.

It is from Latin tueor (“to watch over, protect”), its perfect participle, beside the regular tuitus.

It is from Latin *ulter, an unattested form, as its comparative, which survives in the adverbs ultrā and ultrō, formed with -ior as in inferior. Etymonline traces it to a suffixed form of…

It is the superlative of ⟨*ulter⟩ “beyond” (comparative ulterior), inherited from Proto-Italic *oltamo-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ol-tm̥Ho- (“furthest, last”). Cognate with Oscan…

It is from Proto-Italic *olteros, its ablative singular, the source of ⟨ulter⟩, like ultrā. De Vaan traces the stem ⟨*ultero-⟩ “more to that side” to Proto-Indo-European *h₂ol-tero- (“further”), as…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *omb-(e/o)l-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₃nbʰ-(e/o)l- (“navel”). The suffix is complex: in view of the l-suffixes of Celtic, Greek and Germanic, de Vaan…

The origin is uncertain. It is generally compared with Lithuanian ùnksna (“shade”) and Lithuanian unksmė̃ (“shade”) and reconstructed as *unksrā-. No other word has the cluster *-nksr-, but by…

The OLD derives it from Latin ūnus (“one”), and Wiktionary, building on Varro, from ūnicus “unique” with the suffix -ia, a twelfth being the unit of many Roman measures. Lewis and Short compare…

According to de Vaan it is from the PIE ⟨u⟩-stem *h₃n̥gʰ-u-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃negʰ- (“nail”), later remade as an ⟨i⟩-stem in Italic. Cognate with Ancient Greek ὄνυξ (ónux, “nail, claw”)…

It is from Latin unus (“one”) + -icus, as in bellicus and pūblicus. ūnus continues Proto-Italic *oinos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁óynos (“one”).

It is a compound, from Latin ūnus (“one”) + versus (“turned”), literally “turned into one”. Gaffiot contrasts it with dīversus. The older form is ūnivorsus, and the Senatus Consultum on the…

Its origin is disputed. De Vaan, following Schrijver, derives it from Proto-Italic *worg-eje/o-, from Proto-Indo-European *u(o)rǵʰ-eie-, from a root meaning “to tie, bind”, which is also behind…

It is from Latin ūtor (“to use”) + -ūra. Isidore says it is named after the use of money lent.

1. The bag is either inherited or borrowed. De Vaan and Wiktionary reconstruct Proto-Italic *udri-, from Proto-Indo-European *ud-r-i- (“water vessel”) of the root Proto-Indo-European *wed-…

It is from Latin uter (“which of two”) and the particle -que. De Vaan traces ⟨uter⟩ to Proto-Indo-European *kʷo-tero- (“which of two”), and Latin replaced the expected ⟨*potero-⟩ with ⟨*kʷutero-⟩…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *udero-, from Proto-Indo-European *(H)ud-ér-o- (“outer, sticking out”), a derivative of *ud “out”. Cognate with Sanskrit उदर (udára, “belly”) and Ancient Greek…

It is from Latin ūtor (“to use”) + -ilis; compare ūtēnsilis.

It is from Latin ūtilis (“useful”) + -tās. ⟨Ūtilis⟩ is from ūtor “to use”. The genitive plural is usually ⟨ūtilitātum⟩, but Livy and Ulpian have ⟨ūtilitātium⟩.

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *oit-e/o- (“to use”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *h₃eyt- (“to take along, fetch”). Old Latin had forms with the diphthongs /oi/ and /oe/, such as oetier and…

Possible cognates are Ancient Greek ὑγρός (hugrós, “wet”) and Old Norse vǫkr (“wet”), from a root Proto-Indo-European *wegʷ- (“wet”). The OLD derives it from ūvēscō (“to become wet”) with the suffix…

It is a verb from Proto-Italic *wako- (“empty”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁uh₂-ko-, an adjective also behind vacuus “empty”. Nussbaum reconstructs the root as *h₁ueh₂-. The forms with ⟨voc-⟩ come…

It is from Latin vacō (“to be empty”) + -uus, from Proto-Italic *wakowos. Early forms include ⟨vocuus⟩, and Celsus has ⟨vacus⟩.

It is from Latin vagus (“wandering”) + -or, the verb suffix. An active ⟨vagō⟩ is mostly archaic, as in Plautus, Pacuvius and Accius.

It is from Latin valeō (“to be strong, healthy”) + -idus.

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *wāno- (or *wāsno-), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ueh₂-no-, from the root *h₁weh₂- “to leave, be empty”. If it is related to vāstus “empty, desolate”, it…

The origin is uncertain. De Vaan mentions *wasio-, if it is related to vafer “sly”, or *wa-ro-, but finds neither convincing. The Oxford Latin Dictionary suggests that it comes from vārus “bent…

1. The origin is uncertain. If its first meaning was “with the legs apart”, de Vaan compares vānus and vāstus and reconstructs Proto-Italic *wā-ro- (“going apart”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European…

It is a diminutive from Latin vās (“vessel”) + -culum.

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *wāsto-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₁u(e)h₂-sto- (“empty”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁weh₂- (“empty, wasted”). Cognate with Old Irish fás (“empty”), Old…

The origin is disputed. De Vaan lists it among the derivatives of vehō “to carry”, and follows Guiraud in taking ⟨vehemēns⟩ as the older form, meaning “one who gets carried away”, and Walde's…

It is from Latin veho (“to carry, convey”) + -culum. Wiktionary allows that it may continue Proto-Italic *weɣitlom, from Proto-Indo-European *weǵʰ-í-tlom, which may also have given Sanskrit वहित्र…

Its origin is uncertain. The OLD compares vēlōx “swift” and vehō “to carry”, with the ending of pedes “foot soldier”. Walde and Hofmann derived it from *weǵʰ-slo- “driving”, which de Vaan finds…

It is from Latin vēlum (“covering, sail”) + -ō, the verb suffix.

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *wenes-no-, a derivative of venus “desire, love”, from the root *wenh₁- “to desire”. Walde and Hofmann took the first sense to be “love potion”, from magic, but de…

It is from Latin Venus + -or, on a neuter noun ⟨*venus⟩, perhaps originally “propitiatory charm”. De Vaan reconstructs ⟨venus⟩ as Proto-Italic *wenos-, Proto-Indo-European *wenh₁-os (“desire”), from…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *wen(i)jā-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *wenh₁-ih₂- (“desire”), from the root Proto-Indo-European *wenh₁- (“to desire, love”). Cognate with Old Irish fine…

It is probably a denominative verb from Proto-Italic *wēno- (“hunting”) or *wēnā- “hunt”, from a root Proto-Indo-European *(H)wenh₁- (“to desire, strive for”). Cognate with Sanskrit वनति (vánati…

It may go back to *wentri- or *wendri-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *(H)wed-ro- (“belonging to the belly”). Hamp suggested it is the same word as uterus “womb”, from Proto-Indo-European…

It is from Latin verna (“home-born slave”) + -culus. Inscriptions have ⟨vernācl-⟩.

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *wors-en-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wr̥s-en- (“male”). Cognate with Sanskrit वृषन् (vṛ́ṣan, “manly; male animal”), Ancient Greek ἄρσην (ársēn, “male”)…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *wors-o-, from Proto-Indo-European *wers- (“to wipe, drag on the ground”). Cognate with Albanian zvarrë (“dragging on the ground”), Ancient Greek ἔρρω (érrhō, “to…