Latin words first recorded in the 3rd century BC

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *apro- (“boar”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₁pr-o-. Cognate with Umbrian abrunu (“boar”), Latvian vepris (“castrated boar”), Old Church Slavonic вепръ…

It is formed from Latin apertus (“open”) + -ē, the adverb ending, ⟨apertus⟩ being the past participle of aperiō (“to open”). De Vaan traces ⟨aperiō⟩ to Proto-Italic *ap-wer-je- (“to open”), with…

It is from Latin aperiō (“to open”), its past participle, used as an adjective. De Vaan derives aperiō from Proto-Italic *ap-wer-je- (“to open”), with the prefix of ab and Proto-Indo-European…

The origin is unknown. De Vaan finds no accepted etymology; he calls conceivable Vennemann's proposal of a Semitic loanword, comparing Egyptian ꜥfj (“bee”). Wiktionary reports the older…

It is from Latin ad- (“to, towards”) + petō (“to make for, seek”). It is also written ⟨adpetō⟩ with the unassimilated prefix. De Vaan traces petō to Proto-Italic *pet-e/o- and a root meaning “to…

It is from Latin ad- + plaudō (“to clap, strike”).

It is from Latin aqua (“water”) + -ālis. De Vaan lists it among the derivatives of aqua, which goes back to Proto-Italic *akʷā (“water”). The noun, meaning a ewer, is the adjective used as a noun.

It is formed from Latin aquila (“eagle”) + -īnus.

The origin is uncertain. The OLD and de Vaan take it as probably from Latin aqua (“water”), as the Romans did; de Vaan prefers this to a derivation from aquila (“eagle”), proposed by Cohen…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek Ἄραψ (Áraps, “Arab”), which comes from Arabic عَرَب (ʕarab). The TLL calls it a Semitic name.

It is from Latin arāneus, its feminine. De Vaan considers a borrowing from Ancient Greek ἀράχνη (arákhnē, “spider”), with Greek ⟨khn⟩ taken as ⟨gn⟩, then loss of the velar and lengthening of the…

The OLD takes the adjective as borrowed from Ancient Greek ἀραχναῖος (arakhnaîos, “of a spider”), adapted, and the noun as the adjective used substantively. De Vaan treats the noun, together with…

It is from Latin arō (“to plough”) + -tiō. De Vaan traces arō to Proto-Italic *araje/o- and Proto-Indo-European *h₂erh₃-ie/o- (“to plough”), from the root Proto-Indo-European *h₂erh₃-, comparing…

It is from Latin arbiter (“judge, arbitrator”) + -ārius.

It is from Latin arbitror (“to judge”) + -tus, the verb being formed from arbiter (“witness, judge”). De Vaan notes that Umbrian ařputrati (“according to the judgement”) can match ⟨arbitrātū⟩…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *arkā (“container”), derived from the root of arceō (“to contain, keep off”), Proto-Indo-European *h2(o)r(ḱ)- (“to hold”); de Vaan thinks the noun may be of PIE…

It is formed from Latin arca (“chest, box”) + -nus. De Vaan derives ⟨arca⟩ from the root of arceō (“to contain, keep out”), Proto-Indo-European *h2(o)r(ḱ)- (“to hold”), cognate with Hittite har(k)-…

De Vaan takes it as inherited from Proto-Italic *kers-s-e/o- and Proto-Indo-European *kers- (“to run”), the root of currō (“to run”). It has two forms, ⟨accersō⟩ and ⟨arcessō⟩, both current in…

It is from Latin arca (“chest, box”) + -ula, a diminutive. De Vaan sets up the diminutive as Proto-Italic *arkelā-, beside *arkā- (“container”), and traces the base to Proto-Indo-European…

It is from Latin ārdeō (“to burn”) + -scō, with the inchoative suffix. De Vaan derives ārdeō from āridus (“dry”), from āreō (“to be dry”), which he traces to Proto-Italic *ās-ē- and…

It is from Latin āreō (“to be dry”) + -scō. De Vaan traces āreō to Proto-Italic *ās-ē- (“to be dry”) and Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₁s-eh₁- (“to be dry”).

It is from Latin argentārius (“of silver; of money”), the adjective used as a feminine noun, with taberna (“shop”) understood for a bank and ars (“craft”) for the banker's trade. The adjective is…

It is from Latin argentum (“silver, money”) + -ārius; the noun “banker” is the adjective used as a noun. De Vaan traces argentum back to Proto-Italic *argento- (“silver”) and Proto-Indo-European…

It is from Latin argūtus (“clear, clever”) + -ia. De Vaan takes arguō (“to show, make clear”) as a verb “to make bright” made to an adjective Proto-Italic *argu- (“bright”), which also survives in…

It is from Latin ariēs (“ram”) + -ō. De Vaan traces ariēs to Proto-Italic *a/eriēt- and Proto-Indo-European *h₁r-i-(e)t- (“a domestic animal”), cognate with Ancient Greek ἔριφος (ériphos, “kid”) and…

It is from Latin -ālis, with /l/ changed to /r/ by dissimilation when the base contains an /l/. Meiser counts this among the nearly regular cases of dissimilation at a distance, and sets it beside…

It is from Latin -ārius, the neuter of the adjective used as a noun. That suffix goes back to Proto-Italic *-āzios.

The suffix is inherited from Proto-Italic *-āzios, which the OLD writes *-āsios, also seen in Oscan sakrasias and Umbrian plenasier, a locative plural meaning “Ides”. Wiktionary analyses it as…

It is from Latin armō (“to arm, equip”) + -mentum. armō is formed from arma (“tools; weapons”), which de Vaan derives from Proto-Indo-European *h₂(e)r-mo- (“fitting”); the meaning developed from…

It is from Latin arma (“tools, equipment, arms”) + -ārium. A grammarian, followed by Isidore, defines it as the place where the tools of any trade are kept.

It is from Latin armō (“to arm”), its past participle, used as an adjective. The verb is from arma (“arms, weapons”), which de Vaan derives from Proto-Italic *armo-, Proto-Indo-European *h₂(e)r-mo-…

It is from Latin arma (“weapons”) + -ger (“bearing”), with the second part from gerō (“to carry”). De Vaan traces arma to Proto-Italic *armo- and Proto-Indo-European *h₂(e)r-mo- (“fitting”), from a…

It is from Latin armus (“shoulder, upper arm”) + -illa, as Festus already said; Priscian derived it instead from arma (“arms”). De Vaan traces armus to Proto-Italic *ar(a)mo- and Proto-Indo-European…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *ar(a)mo-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₂erH-mo- (“arm”). De Vaan prefers this full-grade form, since a zero grade would have given ⟨*ramus⟩ in Latin, but…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *araje/o- (“to plough”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₂erh₃-ye/o- (“to plough”). Cognate with Welsh arddu (“to plough”), Ancient Greek ἀρόω (aróō, “to…

It is from Latin ad- + rogō (“to ask”), with ⟨d⟩ assimilated to ⟨r⟩. De Vaan, who lists it among the derivatives of rogō from Plautus on, takes that verb to be made from a noun meaning “request” or…

De Vaan connects it with arceō (“to contain, keep out”), arca (“chest”) and Oscan ⟨*trēb-ark-o-⟩ “house-builder”, and takes it as a root noun inherited from Proto-Italic *ark- (“a building”)…

It is formed from Latin ascendō + -tiō, a noun of action from the verb meaning “to go up”. De Vaan lists it among the derivatives of scandō (“to climb”), which goes back to Proto-Italic *skand-e/o-…

It is from Latin asinus (“ass”) + -ārius. De Vaan takes asinus to be a recent loanword, since it keeps the /s/ between vowels, and notes that most Indo-European words for the ass are loanwords. The…

It is formed from Latin ab- (“away”) + spernō (“to spurn”) + -or, on the stem, the verb ending, with ⟨ab-⟩ reduced to ⟨as-⟩ as in asportō. De Vaan traces ⟨spernō⟩ to Proto-Italic *sperne/o- and a…

It is from Latin abs- + portō (“to carry”), with ⟨abs-⟩ reduced to ⟨as-⟩ before ⟨p⟩. De Vaan traces portō to Proto-Italic *porto/ā- and Proto-Indo-European *pr̥to- (“passed, crossed”).

It is from Latin ad- (“to”) + serō (“to join, string together”). De Vaan traces serō to Proto-Italic *sere/o- and Proto-Indo-European *ser-e/o- (“to thread, tie together”), comparing Ancient Greek…

It is formed from Latin ad- + simulō (“to imitate, pretend”). De Vaan lists it among the derivatives of similis (“like”), which goes back to Proto-Italic *semali- (“alike, together”) and…

The origin is uncertain. Vendryes proposed that it is from Latin astō (“to stand by”), as a u-stem noun Proto-Italic *ad-stu-, from Proto-Indo-European *-sth₂-u- (“a standing by”), comparing the…

It is from Latin astūtus (“cunning”) + -ē (“adverbial suffix”). The adjective is formed from astus (“cunning, craft”), which Old Latin has only in the ablative. The Romans derived this from Ancient…

It is from Latin astūtus (“cunning”) + -ia. That adjective comes from astus (“craft”), of which Old Latin has only the ablative singular. The Romans derived it from Ancient Greek ἄστυ (ástu…

It is from Latin astus (“cunning”) + -ūtus. The origin of the noun is uncertain: the Romans derived its old ablative ⟨astū⟩ from Ancient Greek ἄστυ (ástu, “town”), and Vendryes from a stem…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *ati, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₂et(i) (“back, away”); the final /t/ goes back to Proto-Italic ⟨*-ti⟩. The old prefix use survives in atavus…

It is from Latin at- + avus (“grandfather”). The TLL finds the first part of the compound not clear enough to explain, comparing abavus and proavus. Festus, as reported by the TLL, derived it from…

It is from Latin at (“but”) + quī (“how, somehow”), here an adverb. The TLL notes that in Plautus the particles have not yet fully grown together (⟨at pol quī⟩). De Vaan traces at to Proto-Italic…

It is from Latin āter (“black”) + -mentum. Isidore of Seville explains that it is called ātrāmentum because it is black.

It is from Latin ātrium (“hall, atrium”) + -ēnsis.

The OLD takes it as a shortened form from Latin attatae, the interjection, and Lewis & Short equate it with Ancient Greek ἀτταταί (attataí). Wiktionary calls it onomatopoeic, of Mediterranean origin.

It is from Latin ad- + terō (“to rub”). De Vaan traces terō to Proto-Italic *tera- and Proto-Indo-European *terh₁- (“to rub”); the Latin present is isolated among the other Indo-European languages…

It is from Latin ad- + tondeō (“to shear”). De Vaan traces tondeō to Proto-Italic *tond-eje- and Proto-Indo-European *tond-eie- (“to shear”); a link with the root *temh₁- (“to cut”) is suggested by…

1. The suffix for offices is by rebracketing from Latin -tus (“suffix of action nouns”), taken from nouns of first-conjugation verbs such as mercātus, from mercor, in which the /ā/ really belongs to…

It is from Latin avis (“bird”) + -ceps (“catcher”), contracted from ⟨*awi-kaps⟩. The second part belongs to capiō (“to take”). De Vaan traces avis to Proto-Italic *awi- (“bird”) and…

It is a frequentative, from Latin augeō (“to increase”) + -tō, formed on the participle auctus according to the TLL, which cites the grammarian Sacerdos for it. De Vaan traces augeō to…

It is from Latin auceps (“bird-catcher”) + -ium. De Vaan lists it among the derivatives of avis (“bird”): auceps comes from ⟨*au̯i-kaps⟩ “bird-taker”, and the latter goes back to Proto-Italic *awi-…

It is from Latin auceps (“bird-catcher”) + -ō. De Vaan derives auceps from ⟨*au̯i-kaps⟩, a compound of avis (“bird”) and the root of capiō (“to take”); the bird word goes back to Proto-Italic *awi-…