Latin words first recorded in the 3rd century BC

1. The adjective “not done” is from Latin in- (“not”) + factus (“done, made”), the participle of faciō (“to do, make”). Wiktionary sets up Proto-Italic *enfaktos and compares an Umbrian form of the…

It is formed from Latin in- (“not”) + fēlīx (“fruitful, fortunate”). De Vaan derives fēlīx from Proto-Italic *fēl(w)ī- (“suckling”), from a stem Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-l- (“sucking animal”) of…

It is formed like the past participle of a verb ⟨*īnfendō⟩, “to strike into, attack”, from Latin in- + -fendō, the “strike” of dēfendō (“to ward off”) and offendō (“to strike against”); the OLD…

It is from Latin īnferus (“lower, below”), its masculine plural, used as a noun. De Vaan traces ⟨īnferus⟩ to Proto-Italic *enþero- (“lower”) and Proto-Indo-European *n̥dʰero- (“lower”), cognate with…

It is formed from Latin in- and an element ⟨-festus⟩ also found in manifestus (“caught in the act”), whose origin is obscure. If that adjective first meant “caught by hand”, ⟨-festus⟩ would have…

It is from Latin in- + fīdus (“trustworthy”). De Vaan derives ⟨fīdus⟩ from Proto-Italic *feiþo- and Proto-Indo-European *bʰeidʰ-o- (“faithful”), the adjective of fīdō (“to trust”).

It is from Latin in- + fīō (“to become, happen”). De Vaan lists it among the derivatives of fīō, which he traces to Proto-Italic *fwije/o- and Proto-Indo-European *bʰh₂u-ie/o- (“to become”); cognate…

The OLD analyses it as from Latin in- (“not”) + *fatus (“said”) + -ia, comparing Ancient Greek φατός (phatós, “said, spoken”). De Vaan, under fateor, likewise takes it to continue a form meaning…

It is from Latin in- (“in”) + flectō (“to bend”). De Vaan reconstructs flectō as Proto-Italic *flek-t-, perhaps with a suffix ⟨-t-⟩ on the model of plectō (“to plait”); the root has no clear…

It is from Latin in- (“un-”) + fortūna (“luck”) + -ium. The TLL compares iniūria and incūria, and allows that it may instead come from an unattested adjective *īnfortūnus. De Vaan derives fortūna…

It is from Latin in- (“not”) + frequēns (“crowded, frequent”). The origin of frequēns itself is uncertain: de Vaan finds Nussbaum's connection with fraxō semantically attractive, while others…

It is from Latin in- + frangō (“to break”). De Vaan lists ⟨īnfringere⟩ among the compounds of ⟨frangō⟩ (from Plautus on), which he derives from Proto-Indo-European *bʰr-n-ǵ- (“to break”), cognate…

It is formed from Latin in- (“in, into”) + fundō (“to pour”). De Vaan traces ⟨fundō⟩ to Proto-Italic *χunde/o- and the present Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰu-n-d- (“to pour”), from the root *ǵʰew-…

It is from Latin in- + fuscō (“to darken”). The TLL derives it from ⟨in⟩ and fuscus (“dark”), comparing fuscō. The adjective goes back to Proto-Italic *fusko- and Proto-Indo-European *dʰus-ko-…

It is formed from Latin in- + gerō (“to carry”). De Vaan traces ⟨gerō⟩ to Proto-Italic *ges-e/o- and a stem Proto-Indo-European *h₂ǵ-es- (“to carry”), built on the root of agō (“to drive”).

It is from Latin in- (“not, un-”) + grātia (“favour, goodwill, thanks”) in the ablative plural, so literally “without thanks”. Wiktionary takes it as the ablative plural of the noun ingrātia…

It is formed from Latin in- + grātus (“pleasing, grateful”), “not grateful, not pleasing”. De Vaan derives grātus from Proto-Italic *gʷrāto-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷr̥H-to- (“praised (in a…

It is from Latin in- (“in, into”) + gradior (“to step, walk”), with the vowel weakened in the compound. De Vaan explains ⟨-gredior⟩ for expected ⟨*-gridior⟩ by analogy with the participle…

It is from Latin in- + -gruō, a verb found only in compounds, as also in congruō. De Vaan traces ⟨-gruō⟩ to Proto-Italic *xruwō and Proto-Indo-European *gʰrewh₁- (“to rush in”). Cognate with Ancient…

It is from Latin in- + hiō (“to gape”). De Vaan traces hiō to Proto-Italic *χi-ā- and Proto-Indo-European *ǵhh1i-eh2- (“to gape, be wide open”), comparing Lithuanian žióti (“to open one's mouth”).

It is from Latin in- + honestus (“honourable”). De Vaan derives honestus from ⟨*hones-to-⟩, made from honōs (“honour”), which can only go back to a form with ⟨*ǵʰon-⟩ or ⟨*gʰon-⟩, with no further…

It is from Latin in- + ibī (“there”). De Vaan lists it among the derivatives of ibī, which he traces to Proto-Italic *iþei or Proto-Italic *ifei and Proto-Indo-European *h₁i-dʰei or…

It is from Latin inīquus (“unequal, unfair”) + -ē. De Vaan lists inīquus among the derivatives of aequus (“level, fair”), which he reconstructs as Proto-Italic *aikwos but finds without a convincing…

It is formed from Latin in- (“not”) + aequus (“level, equal, fair”), with the vowel weakened. aequus (Old Latin ⟨aiquom⟩) is probably from ⟨*aikwos⟩, but de Vaan finds no convincing etymology for it.

It is from Latin in- + iūrātus (“sworn”), the participle of iūrō (“to swear”). De Vaan explains that verb as made from iūs (“oath, law”), Proto-Italic *jowos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ieu-os…

It is from Latin iniūstus (“unjust”) + -ē. De Vaan derives iūstus from iūs (“law”), which he traces to Proto-Italic *jowos (“oath, law”) and Proto-Indo-European *h₂oi-u (“vital force, eternity”).

It is from Latin iniūstus (“unjust”) + -ia. The adjective is a compound of in- (“not”) and iūstus (“just”), which de Vaan explains as a derivative of iūs (“law”), tracing the noun to an s-stem going…

It is formed from Latin in- (“not”) + iūstus (“just”). De Vaan explains ⟨iūstus⟩ as a derivative in ⟨-to-⟩ of iūs (“law”), Proto-Italic *jowos (“oath, law”), an s-stem from Proto-Indo-European…

It is from Latin in- + nāscor (“to be born”). De Vaan traces nāscor to Proto-Italic *gnāsk-e/o- and Proto-Indo-European *ǵn̥h₁-sk-e/o- (“to be born”).

It is formed from Latin in- (“not”) + noxius (“harmful, guilty”), the negative prefix. De Vaan derives ⟨noxius⟩ from noxa (“harm, offence”), perhaps as a back-formation from obnoxius, and both from…

It is from Latin in- (“to, towards”) + *nuō (“to nod”). De Vaan lists it with abnuō (“to refuse”) and adnuō (“to nod assent”) under ⟨-nuō⟩, which goes back to Proto-Italic *nowe/o- and…

It is formed from Latin inops (“poor, helpless”) + -ia, like cōpia (“abundance”). inops is in- (“not”) and ops (“power, resources”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *opi- and…

It is formed from Latin in- (“not, without”) + ops (“power, means, wealth”). Varro explained it as one “without help”. De Vaan traces ops to Proto-Italic *opi- and Proto-Indo-European *h₃ep-…

According to de Vaan it is inherited from Proto-Italic *en-skʷ-, built on an aorist stem Proto-Indo-European *skʷ-e/o- of *sekʷ- (“to follow”), and belongs with the old imperative īnsece (“tell!”)…

It is from Latin inquīrō (“to search for, inquire”) + -tiō. inquīrō is from in- and quaerō (“to seek”), for which de Vaan prefers Nussbaum's reconstruction as a present to Proto-Indo-European…

It is formed from Latin īnsānus (“insane”) + -iō, the verb suffix; the adjective is in- (“not”) and sānus (“healthy, sane”). De Vaan gives ⟨sānus⟩ as Proto-Italic *sāno-, but calls the…

It is from Latin in- (“in, on”) + scandō (“to climb”). The verb scandō goes back to Proto-Italic *skand-e/o- (“to ascend”) and Proto-Indo-European *skend- (“to jump up, ascend”). Manuscripts…

It is formed from Latin in- (“not”) + sciēns, the present participle of sciō (“to know”). De Vaan traces sciō to Proto-Italic *skije/o- (“to know”) and Proto-Indo-European *skh₁-i(e/o)- (“to…

It is from Latin īnscītus (“ignorant, clumsy”) + -ia. īnscītus goes back to sciō (“to know”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *skije/o- (“to know”) and perhaps Proto-Indo-European *skh₁-i(e/o)-…

It is formed from Latin in- (“in, on”) + scrībō (“to write”). De Vaan derives ⟨scrībō⟩ from Proto-Italic *skreif-e/o- (“to carve”) and Proto-Indo-European *skreibʰ-e/o- (“to carve”).

It is from Latin in- + sector (“to follow, chase”), the frequentative belonging to īnsequor (“to pursue”). De Vaan explains sector as formed from the old participle ⟨*sekto-⟩ of sequor (“to…

It is from Latin in- + serviō (“to serve”). De Vaan derives serviō from servus (“slave”), which goes back to Proto-Italic *serwo- and Proto-Indo-European *ser-u-o- (“guardian”).

It is formed from Latin īnsideō (“to sit in, occupy”) + -ia. īnsideō is formed from in- and sedeō (“to sit”), which goes back to Proto-Italic *sed-ē- (“to be seated”) and Proto-Indo-European…

It is a denominative verb from Latin īnsidiae (“ambush, plot”), itself from īnsideō (“to sit in, occupy”). The verb sedeō (“to sit”) goes back to Proto-Indo-European *sed- (“to sit”).

It is from Latin īnsignis (“distinguished by a mark”), with the verbal suffix ⟨-iō⟩. The OLD instead takes it to be, apparently, a back-formation from the participle īnsignītus.

The OLD derives it from Latin īnsigne (“distinguishing mark, badge”) + -ītus, while Lewis and Short and Georges treat it as the participle of īnsigniō (“to mark, distinguish”) used as an adjective…

It is from Latin in- + saliō (“to leap, jump”). De Vaan traces saliō to Proto-Italic *sal-je- (“to jump”) and Proto-Indo-European *sh2l-ie/o-, but regards the reconstruction of the root as…

It is from Latin in- + simulō (“to imitate, pretend”). The verb simulō is made from similis (“like”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *semali- (“alike, together”) and Proto-Indo-European…

It is formed from Latin in (“into”) + sinus (“fold, bosom”), “to put into the fold”; the TLL takes it from the phrase ⟨in sinum⟩, the OLD from in- and sinuō (“to bend, curve”). De Vaan lists it…

It is from Latin in- (“not”) + sapiēns (“wise”), with ⟨a⟩ weakened to ⟨i⟩ in the second syllable. sapiēns is the present participle of sapiō (“to taste; to be wise”), which de Vaan traces to…

It is formed from Latin insomnis (“sleepless”) + -ia. The adjective is made of the negative prefix in- and somnus (“sleep”).

It is from Latin in- + spectō (“to look at”), and serves as the frequentative of inspiciō (“to look into”). De Vaan traces ⟨spectō⟩ to speciō (“to look”), from Proto-Italic *spekje/o- and…

It is from Latin in- + spērātus (“hoped for”), the negative prefix and the participle of spērō (“to hope”). The verb is made from spēs (“hope”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Indo-European *spéh₁-s…

It is from Latin in- + suēscō (“to become accustomed”). De Vaan explains suēscō as an inchoative built on Proto-Indo-European *sue(h₁-)dʰh₁- (“to make one's own, get accustomed”), from Proto-Italic…

It is from Latin in- (“not”) + salsus (“salted, witty”), from the root of sāl (“salt, wit”). The ancient grammarians already explained it as formed from salsus.

It is from Latin in- + suō (“to sew”). The simple verb goes back to Proto-Italic *s(j)ūje/o- and Proto-Indo-European *siuH-ie/o- (“to sew”). Cognate with Lithuanian siū́ti and Latvian šũt, “to sew”.

It is formed from Latin in (“in, on”) + super (“above”). De Vaan derives ⟨super⟩ from Proto-Italic *super(i) (“above”) and Proto-Indo-European *(h₁)uper(i) (“over, above”), with an ⟨s-⟩ added in…

It is from Latin in- + tegō (“to cover”). De Vaan traces tegō to Proto-Italic *teg-e/o- (“to cover”) and Proto-Indo-European *(s)teg-e/o- (“to cover”), comparing Ancient Greek στέγω (stégō, “to keep…

It is from Latin integō (“to cover over”) + -mentum. The verb is a compound of in- and tegō (“to cover”), which goes back to Proto-Indo-European *(s)teg-e/o- (“to cover”).

It is from Latin in- (“not”) + temperāns (“moderate”), the present participle of temperō (“to moderate”). De Vaan derives that verb from tempus, from Proto-Indo-European *temp-os (“stretch”): its…