sidereus

Forms

sīdereus (feminine sīderea, neuter sīdereum); first/second-declension adjective^[1]

Etymology

It is from Latin sīdus (“star, constellation”) + -eus.^[2][1][3] De Vaan thinks the old link of sīdus with a root meaning to shine is vague, and favours Rix's and Nyman's view that it continues Proto-Italic *sīd/þos- (“mark, target”), from hunters' language, the sense that also explains cōnsīderō and dēsīderō.^[4]

Earliest recorded meaning

Köbler dates it from Virgil,^[5] who has the starry sky in the Aeneid.^[2]

Semantic evolution

It means starry or of the stars and constellations, and is poetic, especially frequent in Ovid.^[6][2] Ovid uses it of the sun, the Indians lying under its fires,^[2] and Propertius calls the moon sīderea dea.^[6] It also means shining with a star-like brightness, as of Aeneas blazing with his starry shield in Virgil,^[2] and of gods and heroes, heavenly, as the Ilias Latina has of a heavenly mother.^[2] Stelten gives “starry, bright, brilliant” and a neuter noun “star, heavenly body”.^[7] English sidereal comes from it, through French.^[3]

Timeline

• 70–19 BC – Virgil, of the starry sky and a starry shield.^[2][5]
• 57/46–12 BC – Propertius, of the moon.^[6][5]
• 43 BC–18 AD – Ovid, of the stars and of the sun.^[6][2][5]
• 1630s – English sidereal, through French.^[3]

Meanings

Adjective

1. Of the stars or constellations, starry; of the sun.^[2][6][1]
2. Shining like a star, brilliant, radiant.^[2][1][7]
3. Of gods and heroes, heavenly, divine.^[2][1]

Related words

• sīdus
• English sidereal

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
3. ^ a b c Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com
4. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
5. ^ a b c d Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
6. ^ a b c d e Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
7. ^ a b Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson