religiosus

Pronunciation

• IPA (Classical): [rɛ.lɪ.ɡiˈoː.sʊs]^[1]
• IPA (Ecclesiastical): [re.li.d͡ʒiˈɔː.s̬us]^[1]

Forms

religiōsus (feminine religiōsa, neuter religiōsum, comparative religiōsior, superlative religiōsissimus, adverb religiōsē); first/second-declension adjective^[1]

Etymology

It is from religiō “religious scruple, religion” with the suffix -ōsus.^[2][1][3] Virgil scans its first syllable long, and poets write ⟨rellig-⟩.^[2][4]

Earliest recorded meaning

The OLD's earliest citation is from Plautus, of someone full of religious scruple.^[2] Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^[5]

Semantic evolution

It meant full of religious scruples, and in Terence superstitious.^[2] Of acts it meant forbidden by divine law, taboo, and diēs religiōsus a day on which business was banned, as in Lucilius.^[2] It meant devoted to religious use, sacred, and in Gaius' law, as distinct from sacer and sānctus, dedicated to the dead.^[2] It meant invested with awe, reverent, devout, and in Cicero scrupulous, conscientious, as his testis religiōsus “a scrupulous witness”.^[2][6] Cicero contrasts the religiōsī, who carefully go over all that concerns the worship of the gods, with the superstitiōsī.^[3][4]

In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant religious, pious, God-fearing, conscientious, and as a noun a member of a religious community.^[7] Medieval Latin used it of one devoted to the ascetic life.^[8] English religious came about 1200 through Anglo-French, also of a member of a religious order.^[9]

Timeline

• c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of religious scruple.^[2][5]
• 190–159 BC – Terence uses it of superstition.^[2][5]
• c. 180–102 BC – Lucilius uses diēs religiōsus.^[2][5]
• 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of the devout and the scrupulous.^[2][5]
• c. 1200 – English religious is recorded.^[9]

Meanings

Adjective

1. Full of religious scruple; superstitious.^[2]
2. Forbidden by divine law, diēs religiōsus, a day of religious ban.^[2]
3. Sacred, (law) dedicated to the dead.^[2]
4. Awe-inspiring; reverent.^[2]
5. Devout, religious.^[2]
6. Scrupulous, conscientious.^[2]
7. (Ecclesiastical Latin) As a noun, a member of a religious order.^[7]

Word family

• irreligiōsus
• religiōsitās
• religiosulus

Related words

• religiō
• superstitiōsus
• English religious

References

1. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
3. ^ a b Thesaurus linguae Latinae (1900–), Leipzig: Teubner; Berlin: De Gruyter; open-access ed., Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
4. ^ a b Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
5. ^ a b c d e Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
6. ^ Gaffiot, Félix (2016), Dictionnaire latin-français, new ed. by Gérard Gréco et al. (Gaffiot 2016), online ed.
7. ^ a b Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson
8. ^ Niermeyer, J. F. (1976), Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon Minus, Leiden: Brill
9. ^ a b Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com