prudens

Forms

prūdēns (genitive prūdentis, comparative prudentior, superlative prudentissimus, adverb prūdenter); third-declension one-termination adjective^[1]

Etymology

It is a contracted form of prōvidēns (“foreseeing”), the present participle of prōvideō (“to foresee”).^[2][3][1] The TLL explains that as the participle widened in meaning and became an adjective in its own right its sound could change too: ⟨*prōvident-⟩ was syncopated to ⟨*proudent-⟩ and then gave ⟨prūdent-⟩, while the verb kept ⟨prō-⟩ and ⟨vidē-⟩ by analogy.^[4]

Earliest recorded meaning

Ennius, Annals, a warrior fighting for the Roman people: prūdēns animam dē corpore mittō, “knowingly I give up my life”, in the sense “aware of what one does, deliberately”.^[2]

Semantic evolution

The first sense is acting knowingly, aware of the consequences, and with a genitive aware of something (Sallust).^[2] The literal “foreseeing” is very rare: Cicero glosses prūdentēs as prōvidentēs.^[3] The usual Classical senses are prudent, discreet and far-sighted (Cicero asks who was more careful or more prudent than Deiotarus), and sagacious, clever, or skilled in a subject.^[2] As a noun prūdēns is an expert, especially in law, a jurist.^[2]

Church Latin glosses it “wise, prudent, foreseeing, skilled, versed”.^[5] In medieval Latin it could also mean valiant.^[6] English borrowed prudent in the late 14th century from French and directly from Latin.^[7]

Timeline

• 204–169 BC – Ennius: prūdēns animam dē corpore mittō.^[2][8]
• 81–43 BC – Cicero of a prudent man and of skill in household affairs.^[2][8]
• late 14th century – English borrows it as prudent.^[7]

Meanings

Adjective

1. Knowing, aware, acting deliberately;^[2] (with genitive) aware (of).^[2]
2. Foreseeing (rare).^[3]
3. Prudent, discreet, sensible.^[2][1][5]
4. Wise, sagacious; skilled, versed (in).^[2][1][5]
5. (Medieval Latin) valiant.^[6]

Noun

1. An expert; a legal expert, jurist.^[2]

Word family

• imprūdēns
• prūdentia
• prūdenter

Related words

• prōvideō
• English prudent

Usage notes

Döderlein contrasts sapiens, one who chooses the right ends, with prūdēns and callidus, one who chooses the right means and uses them carefully.^[9]

References

1. ^ a b c d e f Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
3. ^ a b c Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
4. ^ Thesaurus linguae Latinae (1900–), Leipzig: Teubner; Berlin: De Gruyter; open-access ed., Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
5. ^ a b c Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson
6. ^ a b Niermeyer, J. F. (1976), Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon Minus, Leiden: Brill
7. ^ a b Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com
8. ^ a b Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
9. ^ Döderlein, Ludwig (1874), Döderlein’s Hand-book of Latin Synonymes, tr. H. H. Arnold, Andover: W. F. Draper