procedo

Pronunciation

• IPA (Classical): [proːˈkeː.doː]^[1]
• IPA (Ecclesiastical): [proˈt͡ʃɛː.do]^[1]

Forms

prōcēdō (present infinitive prōcēdere, perfect active prōcessī, supine prōcessum); third conjugation^[1]

Etymology

It is from prō- “forward” and cēdō “to go”.^[2][1][3][4]

Earliest recorded meaning

The OLD's earliest citations are from Plautus, of going to a place and coming forward, and Accius, of advancing.^[2] Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^[5]

Semantic evolution

It meant to go forward, advance, of troops in Livy and processions in Terence, and to make one's way to a place.^[2][6] It meant to come out of hiding, appear, to come forward as a speaker, and in Caesar to sally forth.^[2][7] Of plants it meant to spring up, as in Lucretius, and of stars to come into view.^[2] It meant of time to pass, and in Cicero to advance in years, aetāte prōcēdere.^[2] It meant to continue, proceed, to progress, grow, to advance in rank, and in Cicero to succeed.^[2] In Seneca it meant of remedies to work, and in Cato to count to one's credit.^[2]

In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant to go forth, proceed from, and prōcēdere in diēbus multīs to be far advanced in years.^[8] English proceed came in the late 14th century, and English process in the early 14th century from its participle prōcessus.^[4]

Timeline

• c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of making one's way.^[2][5]
• 234–149 BC – Cato uses it of counting to one's credit.^[2][5]
• 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of advancing in years and of success.^[2][5]
• late 14th century – English proceed is recorded.^[4]

Meanings

Verb

1. To go forward, advance; to make one's way.^[2]
2. To come forth, appear; to come forward; to sally forth.^[2]
3. To spring up; to come into view; to be emitted.^[2]
4. To extend; to project.^[2]
5. Of time, to pass; to advance in years.^[2]
6. To continue, proceed; to go on to.^[2]
7. To progress, grow; to advance in rank; to succeed.^[2]
8. To be effective; to apply.^[2]
9. To be reckoned to one's credit.^[2]

Word family

• prōcessiō
• prōcessus

Related words

• cēdō
• English proceed
• English process
• English procession

References

1. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
3. ^ Thesaurus linguae Latinae (1900–), Leipzig: Teubner; Berlin: De Gruyter; open-access ed., Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
4. ^ a b c Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com
5. ^ a b c d Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
6. ^ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
7. ^ Gaffiot, Félix (2016), Dictionnaire latin-français, new ed. by Gérard Gréco et al. (Gaffiot 2016), online ed.
8. ^ Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson