pandus

Forms

pandus (feminine panda, neuter pandum); first/second-declension adjective^[1]

Etymology

It is from Latin pandō (“to spread out”) + -us.^[2][3] De Vaan calls it a new creation from that verb, which he traces to Proto-Italic *pandn- and the nasal present Proto-Indo-European *pt-n(é)-h₂- (“to spread”);^[3] cognate with Ancient Greek πίτνημι (pítnēmi, “to spread out”) and Oscan patensíns (“to open”).^[3] Wiktionary adds that pandāre “to bend” was made from the adjective.^[1] The TLL calls the origin uncertain; the grammarians derived it from the verb.^[4]

Earliest recorded meaning

Ennius has it first,^[5][3] of a high sail that will carry the curved keel.^[2]

Semantic evolution

It means curving round, of things turned up at the ends or hollow, as keels in Ennius and Virgil;^[2][6] of things bent down at the ends, bowed, as Ovid's yokes and boughs bent by the weight of autumn;^[2] and of timber, warped, in Vitruvius.^[2] Ovid also has cows with curved horns, dolphins and a crook-backed ass, and Martial a jug with a curved handle.^[6] Lewis & Short note that it is mostly poetic, though Quintilian has a man described as dark, thin and bent.^[6] Lucilius has a comparative.^[4] Döderlein says it is a slight bend, deviating only a little from straight.^[7] It was a Roman cognomen, as of Latinius Pandus in Tacitus.^[6]

Timeline

• 204–169 BC – Ennius, of a curved keel.^[2][5]
• c. 180–102 BC – Lucilius has the comparative.^[4][5]
• 70–19 BC – Virgil, of keels.^[6][5]
• c. 84–c. 25 BC – Vitruvius, of warped timber.^[2][5]
• 43 BC–18 AD – Ovid, of yokes, horns and branches.^[2][6][5]

Meanings

Adjective

1. Curved round, hollow, with upturned ends.^[2][6][1]
2. With ends turned down, arched, bowed.^[2]
3. Of timber, warped.^[2][6]

Related words

• pandō
• repandus
• pateō
• curvus

Usage notes

Döderlein distinguishes curvus, any crookedness from a slight bend to a full circle, uncus, a strong curve like a hook, and pandus, a slight one.^[7] Medieval pandus “pledge; woodstack”, also pannus, is a separate word of Germanic origin.^[8]

References

1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
3. ^ a b c d de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
4. ^ a b c Thesaurus linguae Latinae (1900–), Leipzig: Teubner; Berlin: De Gruyter; open-access ed., Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
5. ^ a b c d e f Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
6. ^ a b c d e f g h Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
7. ^ a b Döderlein, Ludwig (1874), Döderlein’s Hand-book of Latin Synonymes, tr. H. H. Arnold, Andover: W. F. Draper
8. ^ Niermeyer, J. F. (1976), Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon Minus, Leiden: Brill