intrudo

Forms

intrūdō (present infinitive intrūdere, perfect active intrūsī, supine intrūsum); third conjugation^[1]

Etymology

It is from Latin in- + trūdō (“to thrust, push”).^[1][2][3] trūdō goes back to Proto-Italic *treude/o- and Proto-Indo-European *treud- (“to push, thrust”); de Vaan's cognates include Lithuanian triū̃sas (“work, effort, pains”) and Old Norse þrjóta (“to lack”).^[4]

Earliest recorded meaning

Lewis & Short cite it from Cicero's speech for Caecina, but the TLL counts this as a false reading for intro dabat.^[5][2] The first sure example is in Firmicus Maternus, where the moon puts some people in custody and thrusts others into prison.^[2][6][7]

Semantic evolution

In Late Latin it meant to force in, to bring in by force,^[2][6] as in a papal letter of Innocent I about Arsacius, whom the emperor had put into the episcopal see in place of John.^[2] The French intrus and the Italian and Spanish intruso continue its participle.^[2]

British Medieval Latin used it for thrusting into a place, above all into prison, and for driving a person into a state or action.^[8] Medieval Latin in Hungary and the Czech lands used it for bringing someone, or oneself, into a church office unlawfully,^[9][10] and English intrude first appears in the early 15th century in this ecclesiastical sense.^[3]

Timeline

• 343/350 AD – Firmicus Maternus writes of the moon thrusting people into prison.^[2][6][7]
• 1168 – John of Salisbury writes of those on whose advice Daniel had been thrust into the lions' den.^[8]
• early 15th century – English intrude appears, of taking a church living wrongfully.^[3]

Meanings

Verb

1. To thrust in, force in.^[5][6][1]
2. (Late Latin) To bring in by force, install by force.^[2]
3. (Medieval Latin) To thrust into prison.^[8]
4. (Medieval Latin) To drive a person into a state or action.^[8]
5. (Medieval Latin) To bring someone, or oneself, into a church office unlawfully; to intrude.^[9][10]

Related words

• English intrude

References

1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h Thesaurus linguae Latinae (1900–), Leipzig: Teubner; Berlin: De Gruyter; open-access ed., Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
3. ^ a b c Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com
4. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
5. ^ a b Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
6. ^ a b c d Conte, Gian Biagio; Pianezzola, Emilio; Ranucci, Giuliano (2010), il Latino: Vocabolario della lingua latina, 3rd ed., Florence: Le Monnier
7. ^ a b Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
8. ^ a b c d Latham, R. E., D. R. Howlett, R. K. Ashdowne, et al. (1975–2013), Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources, London: British Academy / Oxford University Press
9. ^ a b Bartal, Antal, et al. (1987–), Lexicon Latinitatis Medii Aevi Hungariae, Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó; online ed. ELTE
10. ^ a b Latinitatis medii aevi lexicon Bohemorum / Slovník středověké latiny v českých zemích (1977–), Prague: Academia; electronic version, Institute of Philosophy of the Czech Academy of Sciences