𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍈𐌰𐌽

Forms

𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍈𐌰𐌽 (leiƕan), a strong verb of class 1.^[1][2][3] Köbler records four forms, one each: the infinitive 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍈𐌰𐌽 (leiƕan), the third person singular present 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍈𐌹𐌳 (leiƕid), 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍈𐌰𐌽𐌳 (leiƕand) and the optative 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍈𐌰𐌹𐌳 (leiƕaid).^[2] Lehmann notes that no preterite or past participle forms occur.^[4]

Etymology

It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *līhwaną (“to lend”),^[5][6][2] a strong verb found in all the Germanic branches:^[7] Old Norse ljá, Old English lēon, Old Frisian līa, Old Saxon far-līhan and Old High German līhan, all "to lend".^[6][8][4] Feist, Lehmann and Köbler trace it to the Indo-European root Proto-Indo-European *leykʷ- (“to leave”),^[8][4][2] also in Ancient Greek λείπω (leípō, “to leave”), Latin linquō (“to leave”) and Lithuanian lìkti (“to remain”);^[4][9] Wiktionary starts from an athematic root aorist *léykʷt.^[10] Lehmann cites Benveniste on how the meaning passed from "leave" to "lend",^[4] and reports Senn's view that the second part of 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌻𐌹𐍆 (ainlif, “eleven”) belongs to the same root.^[4]

Attestation

Köbler counts four records, at Matthew 5:42 and Luke 6:34 (twice) and 6:35, all in manuscript CA;^[2] the Wulfila project lemmatises two of them under this verb, while PROIEL counts four tokens.^[11][12] Every token renders Ancient Greek δανείζω (daneízō, “to lend”).^[12][2] Matthew 5:42 reads þamma bidjandin þuk gibais jah þamma wiljandin af þus leiƕan sis ni uswandjais, "give to the one who asks you, and do not turn away from the one who wants to borrow from you".^[13]

Meanings

1. to lend^[1][2][5]
2. with the reflexive dative 𐍃𐌹𐍃 (sis) and 𐌰𐍆 (af): to borrow from someone, for the Greek middle^[1][4][14]

Borrowings into other languages

• Proto-Slavic: *lixva (“interest, usury”), through an unrecorded Gothic noun *leiƕa, whence Old Church Slavonic лихва (lixva);^[5][9] Pronk-Tiethoff files the Slavic word under the Proto-Germanic verb *leiƕa- "to lend (out)".^[7]

References

1. ^ a b c Streitberg, Wilhelm (1910), Die gotische Bibel, II: Gotisch-griechisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg: Winter, p. s.v. leiƕan
2. ^ a b c d e f g Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Gotisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. leiƕan sis
3. ^ Wright, Joseph (1910), Grammar of the Gothic Language, Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. s.v. leiƕan
4. ^ a b c d e f g Lehmann, Winfred P. (1986), A Gothic Etymological Dictionary, based on the third edition of Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache by Sigmund Feist, Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. leiƕan
5. ^ a b c Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍈𐌰𐌽
6. ^ a b Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 336
7. ^ a b Pronk-Tiethoff, Saskia (2013), The Germanic Loanwords in Proto-Slavic, Leiden Studies in Indo-European 20, Amsterdam / New York: Rodopi
8. ^ a b Feist, Sigmund (1939), Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache, 3rd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. leiƕan
9. ^ a b Uhlenbeck, C. C. (1900), Kurzgefasstes etymologisches Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache, 2nd ed., Amsterdam: Müller, p. 100
10. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *līhwaną
11. ^ De Herdt, Tom (2004–2026), Project Wulfila: digital edition of the Gothic Bible with lemma and morphological annotation, data release 2026-09-03, wulfila.be
12. ^ a b Haug, Dag T. T. et al., PROIEL Treebank: The Gothic Bible (gothic-nt), 2023 release, Pragmatic Resources in Old Indo-European Languages, University of Oslo
13. ^ De Herdt, Tom (2004–2026), Project Wulfila: digital edition of the Gothic Bible with lemma and morphological annotation, data release 2026-09-03, wulfila.be, p. Mt 5:42
14. ^ Skeat, Walter W. (1868), A Moeso-Gothic Glossary, with an Introduction, an Outline of Moeso-Gothic Grammar, and a List of Anglo-Saxon and Old and Modern English Words Etymologically Connected with Moeso-Gothic, London: Asher, p. 154