𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳

Forms

𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 (land), a neuter a-stem noun.^[1][2][3] The recorded forms are the accusative singular 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 (land, twice), the dative singular 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 (landa, six times) and the genitive singular 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 (landis, three times).^[4][5] The genitive 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 (landis) is also used as an adverb, "over land, far away".^[6][7]

Etymology

It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *landą (“land, area of ground”),^[8][5] from Proto-Indo-European *lendʰ- (“land, heath”).^[8][5] The Germanic cognates are Old Norse land, Old English lond, Old Frisian lond, Old Saxon land and Old High German lant, and with another ablaut grade Swedish linda (“fallow field”) in Swedish dialects.^[9][10] Lehmann notes that cognates outside Germanic are found only in Celtic, Baltic and Slavic,^[11] among them Old Irish land (“open place”) and Old Prussian lindan (“valley”).^[9][10] Casaretto counts it among the a-stem nouns with no Germanic base word.^[3] Uhlenbeck mentions Finnish lannas as a Finnish loanword, meaning "shallow shore, ford".^[10]

Attestation

The Wulfila project counts eleven tokens, in Matthew, Luke, Mark and 2 Corinthians; ten are in manuscript CA and 2 Corinthians 11:10 is in B.^[4] In canonical order the first is the dative landa at Matthew 11:21.^[4][5] PROIEL aligns it six times with Ancient Greek χώρα (khṓra) and once each with πατρίς (patrís), ἀγρός (agrós) and κλίμα (klíma).^[12] Luke 2:8 reads jah hairdjos wesun in þamma samin landa þairhwakandans, "and there were shepherds in the same region keeping watch".^[13]

Meanings

1. land, country, region, for Ancient Greek χώρα (khṓra) and κλίμα (klíma)^[1][2][12]
2. A farm or field, for ἀγρός (agrós) (Luke 14:18)^[7][14]
3. A home town or home country, for πατρίς (patrís) (Mark 6:1)^[7][5]
4. þata bisunjanē land: the surrounding country (Luke 4:37)^[6][7]

Word family

• 𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 (Iudaialand, “Judea”)

References

1. ^ a b Streitberg, Wilhelm (1910), Die gotische Bibel, II: Gotisch-griechisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg: Winter, p. s.v. land
2. ^ a b Regan, Brian T. (1974), Dictionary of the Biblical Gothic Language, Phoenix: Wulfila House, p. 100
3. ^ a b Casaretto, Antje (2004), Nominale Wortbildung der gotischen Sprache: Die Derivation der Substantive, Heidelberg: Winter
4. ^ a b c De Herdt, Tom (2004–2026), Project Wulfila: digital edition of the Gothic Bible with lemma and morphological annotation, data release 2026-09-03, wulfila.be
5. ^ a b c d e Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Gotisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. land*
6. ^ a b Braune, Wilhelm; Heidermanns, Frank (2004), Gotische Grammatik, mit Lesestücken und Wörterverzeichnis, 20th ed., Sammlung kurzer Grammatiken germanischer Dialekte A 1, Tübingen: Niemeyer, p. 286
7. ^ a b c d Stamm, Friedrich Ludwig; Heyne, Moriz (1920), Ulfilas oder die uns erhaltenen Denkmäler der gotischen Sprache: Text, Wörterbuch und Grammatik, 13th–14th ed. by Ferdinand Wrede, Paderborn: Schöningh, p. 449
8. ^ a b Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳
9. ^ a b Feist, Sigmund (1939), Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache, 3rd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. land
10. ^ a b c Uhlenbeck, C. C. (1900), Kurzgefasstes etymologisches Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache, 2nd ed., Amsterdam: Müller, p. 98
11. ^ Lehmann, Winfred P. (1986), A Gothic Etymological Dictionary, based on the third edition of Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache by Sigmund Feist, Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. land
12. ^ a b Haug, Dag T. T. et al., PROIEL Treebank: The Gothic Bible (gothic-nt), 2023 release, Pragmatic Resources in Old Indo-European Languages, University of Oslo
13. ^ De Herdt, Tom (2004–2026), Project Wulfila: digital edition of the Gothic Bible with lemma and morphological annotation, data release 2026-09-03, wulfila.be, p. Lk 2:8
14. ^ Balg, G. H. (1887–1889), A Comparative Glossary of the Gothic Language, with Especial Reference to English and German, Mayville, Wis.: the author, p. 235