*deup

Reconstruction

Wiktionary reconstructs *deup "deep".^[1] It continues inherited from Proto-Germanic *deupaz (“deep”),^[2][3] which Kroonen cites as *deupa- and Orel as *đeupaz.^[3][4] Ringe and Taylor note that Proto-West Germanic *eu underwent the same tensing as the diphthongs with a and is usually written ⟨ēo⟩ in Old English; one of their examples is Proto-Germanic *deupaz > dēop.^[2]

Morphology

An adjective.^[3][5] Heidermanns counts it among the primary adjectives,^[6] while Kroonen ties it closely to the verbs *dūban- "to dive" and *daupjan- "to dip".^[3]

Evidence

The adjective is attested in all the West Germanic languages: Old English dēop, Old Frisian diāp, Old Saxon diop, Old Dutch diep and Old High German tiof.^[3][7] Old Frisian also has the adverb diāpe.^[2][8] Old Saxon has the word in the Heliand and the Genesis.^[5] In Old Dutch it is found in the psalms of the 10th century and the Middle Franconian Rhyme Bible, and as an element of place names;^[7] ONW dates its oldest record to 768–814.^[7]

Meanings

1. deep^[1][3]

Old English also used the word for "high", "terrible", "mysterious" and "solemn",^[9] Old Saxon for "turbid", "unfathomable" and "eternal",^[5] and Old High German for "unfathomable" and "lying below".^[10] In Old Frisian the noun diāp meant "deep channel".^[11]

Derivatives

• *diupī "depth", which Wiktionary reconstructs;^[12] Orel derives Proto-Germanic *đeupīn from the adjective, with Old Saxon diupi and Old High German tiufī.^[4]
• *diupiþu "depth", which Wiktionary reconstructs;^[13] Köbler derives Proto-Germanic *deupiþō from the adjective, with Old Dutch diopitha.^[14]

Reflexes

• Old English: dēop (“deep, high, mysterious, solemn”)^[9]
• Old Frisian: diāp (“deep”)^[15]
• Old Saxon: diop (“deep, profound”)^[16]
• Old Dutch: diep (“deep”)^[7]
• Old High German: tiof (“deep, unfathomable”)^[10]

References

1. ^ a b Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *deup
2. ^ a b c Ringe, Don; Taylor, Ann (2014), The Development of Old English, A Linguistic History of English II, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 173
3. ^ a b c d e f Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 94
4. ^ a b Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 71
5. ^ a b c Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altsächsisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. diop
6. ^ Heidermanns, Frank (1993), Etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen Primäradjektive, Berlin / New York: De Gruyter, p. s.v. deupa-
7. ^ a b c d Oudnederlands Woordenboek (2009–), Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal, Leiden; gtb.ivdnt.org, p. s.v. diep
8. ^ Hofmann, Dietrich; Popkema, Anne Tjerk (2008), Altfriesisches Handwörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. diāpe
9. ^ a b Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. déop
10. ^ a b Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 6th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. tiof
11. ^ Hofmann, Dietrich; Popkema, Anne Tjerk (2008), Altfriesisches Handwörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. diāp
12. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *diupī
13. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *diupiþu
14. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Germanisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *deupiþō
15. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altfriesisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. diāp
16. ^ Tiefenbach, Heinrich (2010), Altsächsisches Handwörterbuch / A Concise Old Saxon Dictionary, Berlin / New York: De Gruyter, p. s.v. diop