*fardi

Reconstruction

Wiktionary reconstructs *fardi "journey, voyage" for Proto-West Germanic.^[1]

Etymology

It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *fardiz (“journey”),^[2][3] which Kroonen cites by its stem *fardi-, Orel as *farđiz and Köbler as *fardi- or *farþi-.^[3][4][5] Orel derives it from Proto-Germanic *faraną (“to go”),^[4] and Schaffner takes it for the verbal abstract of that strong verb of class 6.^[6]

Morphology

A feminine i-stem.^[7][8]

Evidence

The noun is attested in all the West Germanic languages: Old English fierd, Old Frisian ferd, Old Saxon fard and Old High German fart,^[3] and Old Dutch farth, in the Old Low Franconian psalms of the 9th century.^[9] ONW records it from Williram's commentary of about 1100 and the Middle Franconian Rhyme Bible.^[10] Old High German has it from 765, in glosses.^[11] Ringe and Taylor trace the Old English forms from Proto-Northwest Germanic *fardiz through *færdi and *feardi to West Saxon fierd (“military campaign; militia”), and to Anglian *ferdi, found in ferd-wīċ (“encampment”).^[2]

Competing analyses

Schaffner finds grammatical alternation between Proto-Germanic *farþi- and *fardi- in Old High German, which has both fart and farth; he derives Old English fierd, Old Saxon fard and probably Old Frisian ferd from *fardi-, and leaves the Old Norse form undecided, since the two fricatives fell together there after r.^[6] Boutkan and Siebinga give Proto-Germanic *farþi- for the Old Frisian word.^[12]

Meanings

1. journey, voyage^[2][3][1]

Old English used the word for "levy, campaign, camp",^[13] Old Saxon also for "way, path, campaign",^[14] and Old High German also for "course, flight, track".^[8]

Derivatives

• *fardijōn "to journey, to go to battle", which Wiktionary reconstructs.^[15]
• Orel reconstructs the compound Proto-Germanic *xari-farđiz (“military expedition”), with Old Frisian hereferd, Old Saxon herevart and Old High German herifart.^[16]
• Orel reconstructs Proto-Germanic *skipa-farđiz (“sea voyage”), with Old English scip-fird (“naval expedition”) and Old High German scif-fart.^[17]

Reflexes

• Old English: fierd (“levy, military campaign, camp”)^[13]
• Old Frisian: ferd (“journey”)^[18]
• Old Saxon: fard (“walking, journey, way, campaign”)^[14]
• Old Dutch: farth (“journey, course”)^[10]
• Old High German: fart (“journey, going, course, way”)^[8]

References

1. ^ a b Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *fardi
2. ^ a b c Ringe, Don; Taylor, Ann (2014), The Development of Old English, A Linguistic History of English II, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 242
3. ^ a b c d Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 128
4. ^ a b Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 93
5. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Germanisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *fardi-
6. ^ a b Schaffner, Stefan (2001), Das Vernersche Gesetz und der innerparadigmatische grammatische Wechsel des Urgermanischen im Nominalbereich, Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft 103, Innsbruck, p. 455
7. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altsächsisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. fard
8. ^ a b c Lloyd, Albert L.; Springer, Otto; Lühr, Rosemarie, et al. (1988–), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht; online ewa.saw-leipzig.de, p. s.v. fart
9. ^ Köbler, Gerhard, Altniederfränkisches Wörterbuch, online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. farth
10. ^ a b Oudnederlands Woordenboek (2009–), Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal, Leiden; gtb.ivdnt.org, p. s.v. farth
11. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 6th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. fart
12. ^ Boutkan, Dirk; Siebinga, Sjoerd Michiel (2005), Old Frisian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 1, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. s.v. ferd
13. ^ a b Holthausen, Ferdinand (1934), Altenglisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. fierd
14. ^ a b Tiefenbach, Heinrich (2010), Altsächsisches Handwörterbuch / A Concise Old Saxon Dictionary, Berlin / New York: De Gruyter, p. s.v. fard
15. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *fardijōn
16. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 162
17. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 340
18. ^ Hofmann, Dietrich; Popkema, Anne Tjerk (2008), Altfriesisches Handwörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. ferd