*fraleusan

Reconstruction

Wiktionary reconstructs *fraleusan "to lose" for Proto-West Germanic.^[1]

Etymology

It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *fraleusaną (“to lose”),^[1][2] which Köbler's dictionaries of the daughters cite as *farleusan.^[3][4] Wiktionary analyses it as the prefix *fra- and the verb *leusan.^[1] Kroonen and Orel list the prefixed verbs, with Gothic 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽 (fraliusan), under the simplex *leusan- "to lose", Orel's *leusanan.^[5][6][7]

Morphology

A strong verb of class II.^[8][3] It has grammatical change: Old English forlēosan, past forlēas, forluron, past participle forloren,^[9] and Old High German past -lōs, -lurum, past participle -loran.^[8] In Old High German the alternation was sometimes levelled in the present, as in the participle ferlierentez in a 10th-century Alemannic gloss.^[8] The prefix varies between the languages: Old English for- and Old Frisian for-, Old Saxon far-, Old High German fir-,^[5][8] and Old Frisian also has urliāsa.^[10]

Evidence

The verb is attested as Old English forlēosan, Old Frisian forliāsa, Old Saxon farliosan, Old Dutch farliesan and Old High German firliosan.^[3][11] Old Saxon has it in the Heliand, with the past participle farloran.^[12][4] Old High German has it in many glosses and texts.^[8] In Old Dutch, ONW records it from the Middle Franconian Rhyme Bible of 1151–1200, in forms such as uerluren and uerloren.^[11]

Meanings

1. to lose^[1][5]

Old Saxon also used the verb for "to waste, to squander",^[12] Old Frisian for "to forfeit",^[10] and Old High German also for "to destroy, to ruin" and "to give up".^[8]

Derivatives

• Kroonen derives the ti-stem *lusti- "loss" from *leusan-, with Old Saxon farlust and Old High German forlust.^[13]

Reflexes

• Old English: forlēosan (“to lose”)^[3]
• Old Frisian: forliāsa (“to lose, to forfeit”)^[10]
• Old Saxon: farliosan (“to lose, to waste, to squander”)^[12]
• Old Dutch: farliesan (“to lose”)^[11]
• Old High German: firliosan (“to lose, to destroy, to give up”)^[8]

References

1. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *fraleusan
2. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Germanisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *fraleusan
3. ^ a b c d Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. forléosan
4. ^ a b Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altsächsisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. farliosan
5. ^ a b c Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 334
6. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 243
7. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *fraleusaną
8. ^ a b c d e f g Lloyd, Albert L.; Springer, Otto; Lühr, Rosemarie, et al. (1988–), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht; online ewa.saw-leipzig.de, p. s.v. firliosan
9. ^ Ringe, Don; Taylor, Ann (2014), The Development of Old English, A Linguistic History of English II, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 342
10. ^ a b c Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altfriesisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. forliāsa
11. ^ a b c Oudnederlands Woordenboek (2009–), Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal, Leiden; gtb.ivdnt.org, p. s.v. farliesan
12. ^ a b c Tiefenbach, Heinrich (2010), Altsächsisches Handwörterbuch / A Concise Old Saxon Dictionary, Berlin / New York: De Gruyter, p. s.v. farliosan
13. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 345