*all

Reconstruction

Wiktionary reconstructs *all.^[1]

Etymology

Ringe and Taylor print its masculine nominative plural, Proto-West Germanic *allē, from Proto-Germanic *allai,^[2] and the word is inherited from Proto-Germanic *allaz (“all”),^[1] which Kroonen cites by its stem *alla- and Orel as *allaz.^[3][4] Kroonen derives the double l from an older cluster ⟨-ln-⟩, as in the word for "full", and finds the form without the suffix in compounds, Old Saxon and Old High German ⟨ala-⟩.^[3] Boutkan and Siebinga also take the geminate to point to *al-na-.^[5]

Morphology

A pronominal adjective.^[6][7] In the plural *allē > *ællǣ, West Saxon and Kentish Old English broke the vowel before *lC to ealle, while Anglian retracted it to alle;^[2] Old Frisian has alle.^[2]

Evidence

The word is attested in all the West Germanic languages: Old English eall, Old Frisian al, Old Saxon al and Old High German al,^[8] and Old Dutch al, which glosses Latin omnis in the Old Low Franconian psalms of the 9th century.^[9] De Vaan notes that the rounding of a before l is best known from Old Dutch ⟨olla uogala⟩ "all birds" in the Rochester verse, while all the other Old Dutch forms have a-.^[10] ONW dates that pen trial to 1083–1110.^[11] Old Frisian also has ol, a form found in coastal Dutch too, which Boutkan and Siebinga put down to the velarising effect of the following l.^[5]

Meanings

1. all^[1][2]

The daughters also used the word for "whole, entire" and as an adverb "wholly, completely".^[12][13]

Derivatives

• *allswā "completely so, likewise", which Wiktionary reconstructs from *all and *swā;^[14] Old English has eallswā (“just as”).^[15]
• *allagalīkō "all equally", which Wiktionary reconstructs;^[16] Köbler records Old Saxon alligilīko and Old High German algilīhho.^[17][18]

Reflexes

• Old English: eall (“all, whole, every”)^[19]
• Old Frisian: al (“all, whole”)^[20]
• Old Saxon: al (“all, whole, entire”)^[12]
• Old Dutch: al (“all”)^[11]
• Old High German: al (“all, every, whole”)^[6]

References

1. ^ a b c Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *all
2. ^ a b c d Ringe, Don; Taylor, Ann (2014), The Development of Old English, A Linguistic History of English II, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 184
3. ^ a b Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 23
4. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 16
5. ^ a b Boutkan, Dirk; Siebinga, Sjoerd Michiel (2005), Old Frisian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 1, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. s.v. al
6. ^ a b Lloyd, Albert L.; Springer, Otto; Lühr, Rosemarie, et al. (1988–), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht; online ewa.saw-leipzig.de, p. s.v. al
7. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 6th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. al 2965
8. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Germanisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *alla-
9. ^ Köbler, Gerhard, Altniederfränkisches Wörterbuch, online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. al
10. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2017), The Dawn of Dutch: Language Contact in the Western Low Countries before 1200, NOWELE Supplement Series 30, Amsterdam / Philadelphia: John Benjamins, p. 226
11. ^ a b Oudnederlands Woordenboek (2009–), Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal, Leiden; gtb.ivdnt.org, p. s.v. al
12. ^ a b Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altsächsisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. al
13. ^ Hofmann, Dietrich; Popkema, Anne Tjerk (2008), Altfriesisches Handwörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. al
14. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *allswā
15. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. eallswā
16. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *allagalīkō
17. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altsächsisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. alligilīko
18. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 6th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. algilīhho
19. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. eall
20. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altfriesisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. all