estrangier

Forms

estrangier m (oblique plural estrangiers; nominative singular estrangiers)^[1]

• estraignier, estranger, estraunger, estraungeur^[2][3]

Etymology

It is formed from Old French estrange + -ier,^[1][4] and estrange "foreign, strange" is from Latin extrāneus (“external, foreign”).^[5] The FEW lists the word among the derivatives of the Latin word, as in Middle French and in Old Occitan, with the sense "from another country; unrelated to a person", with modern dialect forms from Liège to Languedoc.^[5] In étranger the suffix was reduced after the palatal consonant.^[4] Etymonline notes that Latin itself used the adjective as a noun for a stranger.^[6]

Earliest recorded meaning

The AND's earliest citation of the noun and adjective is of the first half of the 13th century; its senses run from a person not related by blood and an outsider to a town to a foreigner.^[3] Tobler–Lommatzsch gives the adjective the sense "foreign, estranged".^[7]

Semantic evolution

In Middle French the adjective meant "not belonging to a given community", and above all "from another country": Froissart writes of a town full of sauldoiers estraingniers, Bretons, Franchois, Normans et Poitevins "foreign soldiers, Bretons, Frenchmen, Normans and Poitevins", and a criminal register of 1389–1392 calls a prisoner homme estrangier "a foreign man".^[8] The TLFi dates the noun "one who is not of the country" from 1369, in Guillaume de Machaut's Prise d'Alexandrie.^[4] The modern French word is étranger.^[4]

Timeline

• 1200–1250 – the first record cited by the AND.^[3]
• 1333–1366 – estrangier in Guillaume de Machaut's Louange des dames.^[9]
• 1369 – "one who is not of the country" in Machaut's Prise d'Alexandrie.^[4]
• c. 1375–1400 – sauldoiers estraingniers in Froissart's Chroniques.^[8]
• 1389–1392 – homme estrangier in a criminal register.^[8]

Meanings

Noun

1. a foreigner, one from another land.^[1][3][8]
2. an outsider, a non-resident of a town.^[3]
3. one not related by blood.^[3]
4. a stranger; an opponent.^[3]

Adjective

1. foreign; estranged.^[3][7]

Anglo-Norman

The AND heads the word estranger (spelled also estrangier, estraunger and estraungeur) and first cites it from the first half of the 13th century, with the legal senses of a person not related by blood and of a non-resident of a town.^[3] The MED derives Middle English straunger, with a query, from the Old French adjective,^[10] and Etymonline takes the English word stranger, recorded from the late 14th century, either from English strange with a suffix or from the Old French word.^[6]

Descendants

• Middle French estranger (→ French étranger)^[8][4]
• Middle English straunger (borrowed; → English stranger)^[10][6]
• Catalan estranger (borrowed)^[1]
• Spanish extranjero (borrowed)^[1]
• Portuguese estrangeiro (borrowed)^[1]

Usage notes

The dictionaries separate the noun and adjective from a verb estrangier "to remove, keep away, estrange", also formed from estrange: Tobler–Lommatzsch as estrangier 1 and 2, the AND as estranger 1 and 2, and the DMF as an adjective and a verb.^[7][3][8] The early records, from the Oxford Psalter on, belong to the verb.^[11][12] Godefroy heads the adjective estraignier in his Complément.^[2]

References

1. ^ a b c d e f Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b Godefroy, Frédéric (1881–1902), Dictionnaire de l'ancienne langue française et de tous ses dialectes du IXe au XVe siècle, 10 vols., Paris: Vieweg / Bouillon, p. 9:565
3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Anglo-Norman Dictionary (AND2), Aberystwyth University, anglo-norman.net (2nd ed., 2005–), p. s.v. estranger 1
4. ^ a b c d e f Trésor de la langue française informatisé (2004), ATILF – CNRS & Université de Lorraine, atilf.fr/tlfi; electronic version of Imbs, Paul; Quemada, Bernard, eds. (1971–1994), Trésor de la langue française, Paris: CNRS / Gallimard
5. ^ a b Wartburg, Walther von, et al. (1922–2002), Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, 25 vols., Bonn / Leipzig / Basel: Klopp / Teubner / Zbinden, p. 3:332
6. ^ a b c Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com
7. ^ a b c Tobler, Adolf; Lommatzsch, Erhard (1925–2002), Altfranzösisches Wörterbuch, 11 vols., Berlin / Wiesbaden / Stuttgart: Weidmann / Steiner, p. 3:1441
8. ^ a b c d e f Dictionnaire du Moyen Français, version 2015 (DMF 2015), ATILF – CNRS & Université de Lorraine, atilf.fr/dmf, p. s.v. estranger
9. ^ Rainsford, Thomas, CorMétAF: lemmatised extracts of Old and Middle French verse and prose (990–1500), github (texts by siglum), p. GuillMachC
10. ^ a b Kurath, Hans; Kuhn, Sherman M.; Lewis, Robert E., eds. (1952–2001), Middle English Dictionary, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press; online edition ed. Frances McSparran et al. (2000–2018)
11. ^ Greimas, Algirdas Julien (1979), Dictionnaire de l'ancien français jusqu'au milieu du XIVe siècle, 2nd ed., Paris: Larousse (printing of 1988), p. s.v. estrangier
12. ^ Godefroy, Frédéric (1881–1902), Dictionnaire de l'ancienne langue française et de tous ses dialectes du IXe au XVe siècle, 10 vols., Paris: Vieweg / Bouillon, p. 3:642