polite

Pronunciation

• IPA: /pəˈlaɪt/^[1]

Etymology

It is inherited from Middle English polyt, borrowed from Latin polītus (“polished, refined, elegant”), the past participle of poliō (“to polish, make smooth”) (see polish).^{[2][3][4][5][6][7]}

Earliest recorded meaning

Polished, burnished: before 1398, in Trevisa's translation of Bartholomew, in Barnhart; the late 14th century in Etymonline.^[2][3] It is a surname, Polyte, in 1263.^[2][3]

Semantic evolution

The literal sense is obsolete.^[3] Around 1500 the idea of something carefully finished passed to language and behaviour:^[7] of the arts and literature, refined and elegant, it is from 1501.^[2][8][3] Of persons, cultivated in manners and speech, it is from 1629.^[2][8] The sense courteous, considerate, is first found in Goldsmith's Citizen of the World (1762) in Barnhart and the OED,^[2][8] though Etymonline finds it implied in politely by 1748.^[3] To do the polite is colloquial, from 1856.^[8]

Timeline

• 1263 – Polyte (surname).^[2]
• before 1398 – polished.^[2]
• 1501 – refined (of the arts).^[2][8]
• 1629 – cultivated (of persons).^[2][8]
• 1762 – courteous.^[2][8]

Modern meaning

Adjective

1. Showing regard for others in manners and speech; courteous.
2. Cultivated or refined: polite society.
3. Elegant or polished: polite letters.

Word family

• politely
• politeness
• superpolite
• unpolite

Related words

• polish

References

1. ^ Jones, Daniel (2011), Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary, 18th ed., ed. Peter Roach, Jane Setter and John Esling, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Barnhart, Robert K. (1988), The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology
3. ^ a b c d e f Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com
4. ^ Hoad, T. F., ed. (1986), The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology, Oxford: Clarendon Press
5. ^ Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary (2024), online ed., Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster
6. ^ Pearsall, Judy, ed. (1998), The New Oxford Dictionary of English, Oxford: Clarendon Press
7. ^ a b Cresswell, Julia (2021), Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins, 3rd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
8. ^ a b c d e f g Simpson, J. A.; Weiner, E. S. C., eds. (1989), The Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Clarendon Press