дроугъ

Forms

дроугъ (drugŭ) m, o-stem^[1] Also spelled дрꙋгъ.^[1][2]

Etymology

It is inherited from Proto-Slavic *drugъ (“companion, friend; other”), a word of all the Slavic languages.^[3][4][1] The same noun is Russian друг (drug, “friend”), Bulgarian друг (drug), Serbo-Croatian drȗg, Slovene drȗg, Czech druh and Slovak druh, and the same adjective is Russian другой (drugoj, “other”), Serbo-Croatian drȕgī, Czech druhý (“second, other”), Polish drugi and Polabian draug.^[3][5][6][1]

ESJS reconstructs Proto-Indo-European *dʰrougʰo- (“member of a retinue”), shared with Baltic, Germanic and Celtic, an explanation accepted since Matzenauer.^[3] The closest cognate is Lithuanian draũgas (“friend, companion”), with Latvian dràugs (“friend”); in Germanic, ESJS and Vasmer cite Gothic 𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽 (driugan, “to wage war”), 𐌲𐌰𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍄𐍃 (gadrauhts, “soldier”), Old High German truht (“retinue, troop”) and Old Norse draugr (“man”), the original meaning of the last being uncertain.^[3][5][7][8] Derksen finds the word only in Balto-Slavic and Germanic and doubts a link with Proto-Indo-European *dʰreugʰ- (“to deceive”);^[5][1] Wiktionary gives *dʰrewgʰ- (“to accompany, be loyal”).^[5][1] ESJS includes Old Irish drong (“troop, crowd”), although the relation between the Germanic and Celtic words is unclear;^[3][7] Vasmer excludes the Irish word and its Latin and Byzantine borrowings.^[3][7] The root is usually taken as a reduced form of *dʰer- (“to hold firm”), that of дрьжати;^[3] Trubachev's link with German treu (“faithful”) fits the meaning but not the sounds, and he later gave it up.^[3]

The adjective "other, second" developed within Proto-Slavic from the noun "companion", as constructions meaning "one another" show (Machek); Derksen and Vasmer likewise take the two as originally one word.^[3][6][7]

Earliest recorded meaning

Both uses are in the oldest Gospel manuscripts.^[2] As a noun it translates Ancient Greek φίλος (phílos, “friend”) and Ancient Greek ἑταῖρος (hetaîros, “companion”): the centurion посъла къ н҄емоу дроугꙑ "sent friends to him" (L 7, 6 Zogr Mar), and дроуже како вьниде сѣмо "friend, how camest thou in hither?" (Mt 22, 12 Mar As).^[2] As an adjective it renders Ancient Greek ἄλλος (állos) and Ancient Greek ἕτερος (héteros): се дроугаѣ б҃ таланⸯта приобрѣтохъ "behold, I have gained two other talents" (Mt 25, 22 Zogr Mar As Sav).^[2]

Semantic evolution

As a noun the word also renders Ancient Greek σύντροφος (súntrophos), Ancient Greek σύσκηνος (súskēnos) and Ancient Greek κοινωνός (koinōnós), "comrade, partner".^[2][9] As an adjective it means "other, another", and also "second, following, next", for Ancient Greek δεύτερος (deúteros) and τῇ ἑξῆς "on the next day";^[2][10] дроугъ дроуга, дроугъ къ дроугоу render Ancient Greek ἀλλήλων (allḗlōn, “one another”).^[2][10] In the Gospels дроугъ and инъ alternate for ἄλλος, and for "second" the Savvina kniga has дроугаꙗ where the other manuscripts have вътораа (Mt 22, 39).^[2] Russian друг and другой continue the same pair, and Vasmer notes Old East Slavic дружья, the collective that became the Russian plural друзья.^[7] Giltebrandt lists the noun for ἑταῖρος, φίλος and ἀδελφός in the Church Slavonic New Testament.^[11]

Timeline

• End of the 9th – beginning of the 10th century – the Euchologium uses дроугъ for φίλος, ἄλλος, ἕτερος and ἀλλήλων.^[12]
• 14th century – the Serbian Athonite translation of Gregory of Nyssa uses it for ἀλλήλους and ἕτερος.^[12]
• 1882–1885 – Giltebrandt lists its New Testament uses in Church Slavonic.^[11]

Meanings

Noun

1. friend, companion, partner; for φίλος, ἑταῖρος, σύντροφος, κοινωνός.^[2][1][8]

Adjective

1. Other, another, the latter; for ἄλλος, ἕτερος.^[2][1][8]
2. дроугъ дроуга: each other, one another; for ἀλλήλων.^[2][8]
3. Second, following, next; for δεύτερος, ὁ ἑξῆς.^[2][8]

Word family

• дроуга
• дроужина
• дроужьба
• дроужьнъ
• подроугъ
• подроужиѥ
• съдроужити
• дроугоици

Related words

• инъ
• Russian друг (drug)
• Lithuanian draũgas

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g h Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Kurz, Josef; Hauptová, Zoe (eds.) (1958–1997), Slovník jazyka staroslověnského / Lexicon linguae palaeoslovenicae, 4 vols. + supplements, Praha: Academia; digital ed. gorazd.org
3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Havlová, Eva; Erhart, Adolf; Janyšková, Ilona (eds.) (1989–2022), Etymologický slovník jazyka staroslověnského, 21 fascicles, Praha: Academia / Brno: Tribun EU
4. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008), Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 4, Leiden / Boston: Brill
5. ^ a b c d Derksen, Rick (2008), Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 4, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 121
6. ^ a b Derksen, Rick (2008), Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 4, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 122
7. ^ a b c d e Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), Ètimologičeskij slovar' russkogo jazyka, transl. and suppl. by O. N. Trubačev, 4 vols., Moskva: Progress, p. 1, 543
8. ^ a b c d e Sadnik, Linda; Aitzetmüller, Rudolf (1955), Handwörterbuch zu den altkirchenslavischen Texten, Heidelberg: Winter / 's-Gravenhage: Mouton
9. ^ Miklosich, Franz (1862–1865), Lexicon palaeoslovenico-graeco-latinum emendatum auctum, Vindobonae: Braumüller
10. ^ a b Slovník nejstarších staroslověnských památek (digital ed., Gorazd, Slovanský ústav AV ČR, gorazd.org); cf. Cejtlin, R. M.; Večerka, R.; Blagova, É. (eds.) (1994), Staroslavjanskij slovar' (po rukopisjam X–XI vekov), Moskva: Russkij jazyk
11. ^ a b Gil'tebrandt, P. A. (1882–1885), Spravočnyj i ob''jasnitel'nyj slovar' k Novomu Zavetu, 6 vols., Sankt-Peterburg
12. ^ a b SlaVaComp Metaglossar Griechisch–Kirchenslavisch, Universität Freiburg, slavistik-portal.de