даръ

Forms

даръ (darŭ) m, o-stem, Glagolitic ⰴⰰⱃⱏ^[1] Genitive singular дара or дароу.^[2][3] Nominative plural дарове in the Codex Suprasliensis.^[4][5]

Etymology

It is inherited from Proto-Slavic *darъ (“gift”).^[2][1] The same word is Russian дар (dar), Bulgarian дар (dar), Serbo-Croatian dȃr, Slovene dȃr, Czech dar and Polish dar.^[2][6] Vasmer, after Meillet, takes it as an old u-stem, which the OCS genitive ending -u would reflect;^[6][2] Derksen reports that ESSJa does not find the arguments for a u-stem compelling.^[6][2]

It continues Proto-Balto-Slavic *dōˀra and Proto-Indo-European *déh₃rom (“gift”), a noun from the root *deh₃- (“to give”); it became masculine in Slavic by Illič-Svityč's rule.^[1][2] By surface analysis it is the root of дати (to give) with the suffix *-rъ.^[1] Its closest relatives are Ancient Greek δῶρον (dôron, “gift”) and Old Armenian տուր (tur).^[1][2][6] The same root with other suffixes gives Latin dōnum (“gift”), Sanskrit दान (dāná, “gift”) and Lithuanian dovana (“gift”).^[1][7]

Earliest recorded meaning

In the Gospel manuscripts it renders Ancient Greek δῶρον (dôron, “gift”): аште оубо принесеши даръ свои къ олⸯтарю “so if you bring your gift to the altar” (Mt 5, 23, Zographensis), and видѣ въмѣтаѭштѧ • вь ћазофилакиѭ • дарꙑ своѩ богатꙑѩ “he saw the rich putting their gifts into the treasury” (L 21, 1, Zographensis, Marianus, Assemanianus, Savvina kniga, Ostromir Gospel).^[4]

Semantic evolution

In the canonical texts the word is a gift or present, and also an offering or sacrifice brought to God, for Ancient Greek δωρεά (dōreá), Ancient Greek δώρημα (dṓrēma) and Ancient Greek θυσία (thusía).^[4][3] In liturgical texts it is a gift of God, a grace, for Ancient Greek χάρισμα (khárisma) and Ancient Greek χάρις (kháris), as in the Euchologium's prayer to adorn the servant of God вⸯсѣми даръми твоими “with all your gifts”.^[3] Only the Codex Suprasliensis uses it for a reward or prize, for Ancient Greek ἀμοιβή (amoibḗ) and Ancient Greek ἔπαθλον (épathlon).^[4]

Miklosich records the later legal phrases дары даꙗти “to leave legacies” and дары приѥти “to receive a legacy”.^[5] Giltebrandt lists the word for δῶρον, δωρεά and δώρημα in the Russian Church Slavonic New Testament, from the gifts of the Magi (Mt 2, 11) on.^[8]

Timeline

• End of the 9th – beginning of the 10th century – it renders δῶρον, δωρεά and χάρισμα in the Slavonic Euchologium.^[9]
• 14th century – a Serbian translation of Gregory of Nyssa made on Mount Athos uses it for δῶρον.^[9]
• 1882–1885 – Giltebrandt lists every New Testament use of the word in Church Slavonic.^[8]

Meanings

Noun

1. A gift, present; an offering or sacrifice; for δῶρον, δωρεά, θυσία.^[4][3][1]
2. A gift of God, grace; for χάρισμα, χάρις.^[4][3]
3. A reward, prize; for ἀμοιβή, ἔπαθλον.^[4]

Word family

• даровати
• дарити
• дарованиѥ

Related words

• дати
• дань
• Russian дар (dar)

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g Derksen, Rick (2008), Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 4, Leiden / Boston: Brill
3. ^ a b c d e Slovník nejstarších staroslověnských památek (digital ed., Gorazd, Slovanský ústav AV ČR, gorazd.org); cf. Cejtlin, R. M.; Večerka, R.; Blagova, É. (eds.) (1994), Staroslavjanskij slovar' (po rukopisjam X–XI vekov), Moskva: Russkij jazyk
4. ^ a b c d e f g Kurz, Josef; Hauptová, Zoe (eds.) (1958–1997), Slovník jazyka staroslověnského / Lexicon linguae palaeoslovenicae, 4 vols. + supplements, Praha: Academia; digital ed. gorazd.org
5. ^ a b Miklosich, Franz (1862–1865), Lexicon palaeoslovenico-graeco-latinum emendatum auctum, Vindobonae: Braumüller
6. ^ a b c d Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), Ètimologičeskij slovar' russkogo jazyka, transl. and suppl. by O. N. Trubačev, 4 vols., Moskva: Progress, p. 1, 484
7. ^ Sadnik, Linda; Aitzetmüller, Rudolf (1955), Handwörterbuch zu den altkirchenslavischen Texten, Heidelberg: Winter / 's-Gravenhage: Mouton, p. 225
8. ^ a b Gil'tebrandt, P. A. (1882–1885), Spravočnyj i ob''jasnitel'nyj slovar' k Novomu Zavetu, 6 vols., Sankt-Peterburg
9. ^ a b SlaVaComp Metaglossar Griechisch–Kirchenslavisch, Universität Freiburg, slavistik-portal.de