дати

Forms

дати (dati) pf, Glagolitic ⰴⰰⱅⰹ^[1] Athematic present дамь, даси, дастъ, 1st plural дамъ, 3rd plural дадѧтъ; imperative даждь.^[2][3]

Etymology

It is inherited from Proto-Slavic *dati (“to give”), from Proto-Balto-Slavic *dṓˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *deh₃- (“to give”).^[1][2] The same verb is Russian дать (datʹ), Serbo-Croatian dati, Slovene dati, Czech dát and Polish dać.^[2][4][1]

Its athematic present continues the Indo-European reduplicated present Proto-Indo-European *dédeh₃ti, the type of Ancient Greek δίδωμι (dídōmi, “I give”);^[2][1][5] Derksen explains the acute of the reduplicated Balto-Slavic present by Winter's law.^[2][1][5] Sadnik and Aitzetmüller record the alternative view that the present started from an unreduplicated form, influenced by the presents of вѣдѣти and ꙗсти.^[5] Cognates are Lithuanian dúoti (“to give”), Latvian duôt, Old Prussian dāt and Latin dō (“to give”), with nouns such as dōnum (“gift”), δῶρον (dôron, “gift”) and dovanà (“gift”).^[2][5][4]

Earliest recorded meaning

It is among the commonest verbs of the oldest manuscripts (more than 1,000 occurrences in the SNSP) and translates Ancient Greek δίδωμι (dídōmi) and its compounds.^[6] In the Lord's Prayer, in the Codex Zographensis, the Codex Marianus, the Codex Assemanianus and the Savvina kniga: хлѣбь нашь насѫщьнꙑ даждъ намъ дьньсь “give us this day our daily bread” (Mt 6, 11).^[6]

Semantic evolution

Besides giving in general (for δίδωμι, δωρεῖσθαι, χαρίζεσθαι, παρέχειν), the canonical texts use it for bearing fruit, for paying back or rewarding (Ps 27, 4) and for entrusting something to someone, for πιστεύειν.^[7][6] With an infinitive or да, mostly in the negative, it means to let or allow, for ἀφίημι and ἐάω: не да никомоуже вьнити “he let no one go in” (L 8, 51).^[7] Reflexive дати сѧ means to give oneself up to something, as in the Freising Fragments.^[7]

In later Church Slavonic the phrases дати славоу богоу, literally “to give glory to God”, meaning to repent or confess (Jer 13, 16 and J 9, 24), and дати доушѫ “to give one's soul”, meaning to die, are noted by Dyachenko.^[8]

Timeline

• End of the 9th – beginning of the 10th century – the Euchologium Sinaiticum uses дати for διδόναι, δωρεῖν, παρέχειν and χαρίζειν.^[9]
• 14th century – the Serbian Athonite translation of Gregory of Nyssa renders δίδωμι with дати and даꙗти.^[9]
• 1882–1885 – Giltebrandt lists the New Testament uses of да́ти for διδόναι.^[10]
• 1899 – Dyachenko records the phrases дати славу Богу and дати душу.^[8]

Meanings

Verb

1. To give; for δίδωμι and its compounds, δωρεῖσθαι, χαρίζεσθαι, παρέχειν.^[7][6][1]
2. To reward, pay back.^[6]
3. To entrust; for πιστεύειν.^[6]
4. With an infinitive or да, especially negated: to let, allow; for ἀφιέναι, ἐᾶν.^[7]
5. (reflexive) To give oneself up, surrender.^[7]

Word family

• даꙗти
• дань
• датель
• благодать
• благодатель
• въздати
• издати
• отъдати
• подати
• прѣдати
• придати
• продати

References

1. ^ a b c d e f Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f Derksen, Rick (2008), Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 4, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 96
3. ^ Swan, Oscar E. (2008), Old Church Slavic Glossary, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh; digital ed. with N. H. Reimer, Old Church Slavonic Dictionary
4. ^ a b Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), Ètimologičeskij slovar' russkogo jazyka, transl. and suppl. by O. N. Trubačev, 4 vols., Moskva: Progress, p. 1, 485
5. ^ a b c d Sadnik, Linda; Aitzetmüller, Rudolf (1955), Handwörterbuch zu den altkirchenslavischen Texten, Heidelberg: Winter / 's-Gravenhage: Mouton, p. 225
6. ^ a b c d e f Slovník nejstarších staroslověnských památek (digital ed., Gorazd, Slovanský ústav AV ČR, gorazd.org); cf. Cejtlin, R. M.; Večerka, R.; Blagova, É. (eds.) (1994), Staroslavjanskij slovar' (po rukopisjam X–XI vekov), Moskva: Russkij jazyk
7. ^ a b c d e f Kurz, Josef; Hauptová, Zoe (eds.) (1958–1997), Slovník jazyka staroslověnského / Lexicon linguae palaeoslovenicae, 4 vols. + supplements, Praha: Academia; digital ed. gorazd.org
8. ^ a b D'jačenko, Grigorij (1899), Polnyj cerkovno-slavjanskij slovar', Moskva
9. ^ a b SlaVaComp Metaglossar Griechisch–Kirchenslavisch, Universität Freiburg, slavistik-portal.de
10. ^ Gil'tebrandt, P. A. (1882–1885), Spravočnyj i ob''jasnitel'nyj slovar' k Novomu Zavetu, 6 vols., Sankt-Peterburg