доити

доити¹ to reach, arrive

Etymology tree of доити¹

inherited borrowed derived

Old Church Slavonic ити

Old Church Slavonic доити

From the same root · доити¹

Old Church Slavonic изити ← ити

Forms

доити (doiti) pf, present доидѫ, доидеши, Glagolitic ⰴⱁⰹⱅⰹ^[1][2]

Etymology

The verb to reach, arrive is from Old Church Slavonic до- (do-, “to, as far as”) + ити (iti, “to go”).^[1][3][4] ESJS lists it among the derivatives of ити, with the senses to come, to arrive, to set in and to attain something.^[3] The same compound is Bulgarian дойда (dojda), Serbo-Croatian до̀ћи (dòći), Russian дойти (dojti), Czech dojíti and Polish dojść.^[4]

The simple verb is inherited from Proto-Slavic *jьti (“to go”), from Proto-Balto-Slavic *éitei and Proto-Indo-European *h₁éyti (“to go”).^[1][5][3] Outside Slavic the root is found in Lithuanian eĩti (“to go”), Latvian iêt, Ancient Greek εἶμι (eîmi, “I go”) and Latin eō (“to go”).^[5][3][6] The d of the present stem goes back, in Derksen's view, to a reanalysis of the imperative, compare Ancient Greek ἴθι (íthi, “go!”);^[5][7] Sadnik and Aitzetmüller compare the same d in the present of ꙗхати (jaxati, “to ride”).^[5][7]

Earliest recorded meaning

The SJS records it in no Gospel manuscript; its oldest witnesses are the Euchologium Sinaiticum and above all the Codex Suprasliensis.^[8][2] In the Euchologium доиде въ дамаскъ третьеи день “he reached Damascus on the third day” (Euch 34a 22), and in the Suprasliensis доидошѧ на село “they reached the village” renders Ancient Greek ἐγγίζω (engízō, “to come near”) (Supr 18, 4).^[8]

Semantic evolution

The SJS lists a long row of Greek verbs behind it, most often φθάνειν, καταλαμβάνειν and καταντᾶν, and also ἔρχεσθαι, εἰσέρχεσθαι, ἀφικνεῖσθαι and ἐφίστασθαι.^[8] Besides reaching a place it means figuratively to come to or attain something, as in доиде коньца житию “he came to the end of his life” (Supr 208, 4), and, without an object, to come or set in, of time: дошедъшоу же врѣмени бракоу “when the time of the wedding had come” (Supr 25, 1).^[2]

Giltebrandt's dictionary of the Church Slavonic New Testament has it for καταντῆσαι, in надѣютсѧ доити “they hope to attain” (Acts 26, 7).^[9] In Bulgarian the verb lives on as Bulgarian дойда (dojda), and dialects keep the old infinitive as доти.^[4][10]

Meanings

Verb

1. To reach, to arrive at a place, to come to; for φθάνειν, καταλαμβάνειν, καταντᾶν, ἐγγίζειν.^[8][2][1]
2. (figurative) To attain, to come to something.^[2]
3. (of time) To come, to set in; for γίγνεσθαι.^[8][2]

доити² to suckle

Forms

доити (doiti) impf, present доѭ, доиши^[8][2]

Etymology

The verb to suckle is inherited from Proto-Slavic *dojiti (“to give milk, to milk”).^[1][11][12] The Proto-Slavic verb is found in every Slavic language: Bulgarian доя (doja), Macedonian дои (doi), Serbo-Croatian dojiti, Slovene dojíti, Czech dojit, Upper Sorbian dejić, Polish doić, Ukrainian доїти (dojity) and Russian доить (doitʹ).^[11][13] Everywhere it means to milk an animal, and of the animal to give milk; the older sense to suckle survives in Bulgarian dialects, Serbo-Croatian, Slovene and older Polish.^[11]

ESJS takes *dojiti as the causative of an unattested verb from the Indo-European root Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁(y)- (“to suck, suckle”);^[11][1] Wiktionary analyses it as *dojь with the verbal suffix *-iti.^[11][1] Its closest relative is the causative Gothic 𐌳𐌰𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (daddjan, “to suckle”).^[11][1][13] Other cognates are Sanskrit धयति (dháyati, “sucks”), Latvian dêt (“to suck”), Old High German tāen (“to suckle”) and Latin fellō (“to suck”).^[1][13][11] The same root is in fēmina (“woman”) and дѣва.^[1][13][11]

The exact preform is a problem: Derksen notes that a simple causative *dʰoih₁-eie- should rather have been *dʰoh₁i-eie- in view of the Latvian verb, which would have given *dajati, and he records Klingenschmitt's view that the Slavic and Gothic verbs were built on the present stem.^[14]

Earliest recorded meaning

In the Gospels the verb renders Ancient Greek θηλάζω (thēlázō, “to suckle”): горе же непраздънꙑмъ и доѩштимъ въ тꙑ дьни “woe to those who are with child and to those who give suck in those days” (Mt 24, 19 Marianus, Zographensis, Assemanianus and Savvina kniga).^[8][2] At L 23, 29 it renders Ancient Greek τρέφω (tréphō, “to feed”): съсъци иже не доишѧ “the breasts that never gave suck”.^[8]

Semantic evolution

The SJS and SNSP give only the sense to suckle, to breast-feed.^[8][2] The Codex Suprasliensis has доити имаши родивъшааго сѧ “you will nurse the newborn” (Supr 237, 19), and in the Besědy (Bes) the passive is used figuratively, доить сѧ for Latin nutritur.^[8] Miklosich records later Church Slavonic texts in which it means to milk.^[15] The SJS also has the noun доилица “wet nurse” in the Life of Constantine.^[8][11]

Giltebrandt and Dyachenko give the same sense to suckle for the later Church Slavonic дои́ти, from сосцы̀ иже не доиша (Luke 23, 29) on.^[9][16]

Timeline

• End of the 9th – 11th century – the early liturgical translations use доити for γαλουχεῖν and ἀπογαλακτίζειν.^[17]
• 14th century – the Serbian Athonite translation of Gregory of Nyssa uses it for τιθηνέομαι.^[17]
• 1882–1885 – Giltebrandt lists дои́ти for θηλάζειν in the New Testament.^[9]

Meanings

Verb

1. To suckle, to breastfeed; for θηλάζειν, τρέφειν.^[8][2][1]
2. To milk.^[15][1]

Word family

• подоити
• отъдоити
• въздоити
• надоити
• доилица